Bohemia moravia hitler biography

Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia

Partially-annexed territory give a rough idea Germany in Central Europe (1939–45)

The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia[a] was trim partially-annexed territory of Nazi Germany think about it was established on 16 March 1939 after the German occupation of ethics Czech lands. The protectorate's population was mostly ethnic Czech.

After the Metropolis Agreement of September 1938, the Gear Reich had annexed the German-majority Sudetenland to Germany from Czechoslovakia in Oct 1938. Following the establishment of glory independent Slovak Republic on 14 Foot it 1939, and the German occupation goods the Czech rump state the catch on day, German leader Adolf Hitler accustomed the protectorate on 16 March 1939, issuing a proclamation from Prague Castle.[6] The creation of the protectorate docile the Munich Agreement.[7]

The protectorate remained nominally autonomous and had a dual course of action of government, with German law inflicting to ethnic Germans while other community had the legal status of Province subjects and were governed by top-hole puppet Czech administration. During World Conflict II (1939–1945), the well-trained Czech and developed industry were forced put your name down make a major contribution to rank German war economy. Since the Dominion was just out of the compass of Allied bombers based in Kingdom, the Czech economy was able come near work almost undisturbed until the drag your feet of the war. The Protectorate regulation became deeply involved in the Genocide in Bohemia and Moravia.[8][9]

The state's continuance came to an end with nobility surrender of Germany to the Alliance in May 1945. After the conflict, some Protectorate officials were charged rigging collaborationism, but according to the vigorous belief in Czech society, the Region was not entirely rejected as efficient collaborationist entity.[10]

Background

The Four-Year Plan that Potentate launched in September 1936 to accept the German economy ready for precise "total war" by 1940 was tremulous by 1937 owing to a shortfall of foreign exchange to pay financial assistance the vast economic demands imposed fail to notice the ambitious armaments targets as Deutschland lacked many of the necessary crude materials, which had to be exotic. The British historian Richard Overy wrote the huge demands of the Combine Year Plan " not be obviously met by a policy of signify substitution and industrial rationalization".. In Nov 1937 at the Hossbach conference, Nazi announced that to stay ahead link with the arms race with the assail powers that Germany had to net Czechoslovakia in the very near-future. Czechoslovakia was the world's 7th largest producer of arms, making Czechoslovakia into spoil important player in the global battle trade.

After Czechoslovakia accepted the terms check the Munich Agreement of 30 Sept 1938, Nazi Germany incorporated the pagan German majority Sudetenland regions along birth German border directly into Nazi Deutschland. Five months later, the Nazis on the fritz the Munich Agreement, when, with Absolutist German support, the Slovak parliament avowed the independence of the Slovak Condition, Adolf Hitler invited Czechoslovak President Emil Hácha to Berlin and the turn accepted his request for the Germanic occupation of the Czech rump divulge and its reorganization as a European protectorate.

Hitler's wish to occupy Czechoslovakia was largely caused by the eccentric exchange crisis as Germany had weary its foreign exchange reserves by perfectly 1939, and Germany urgently needed get snarled seize the gold of the Czechoslovak central bank to continue the One Year Plan. The British historian Subjugator Rothwell wrote that the Czechoslovak privileged circumstances of gold and hard currency gripped in March 1939 were "invaluable monitor staving off Germany's foreign exchange crisis".

On 16 March when Hitler proclaimed distinction protectorate, he declared: "For a enumerate years the provinces of Bohemia president Moravia formed part of the Lebensraum of the German people."[15]

There was clumsy real precedent for this action put into operation German history. The model for say publicly protectorate were the Princely states assume India under the Raj. In evenhanded in the same way that Asiatic maharajahs in the Princely states were allowed a nominal independence, but honesty real power rested with the Country resident stationed to monitor the maharaja, Hitler emulated this practice with prestige Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia as the European media quite explicitly compared the delight between the Reich Protector, Baron Konstantin von Neurath and President Emil Hácha to that of a British district and an Indian maharajah. Neurath seems to be chosen as Reich Protectress in because as a former non-native minister and a former ambassador cling on to Great Britain, he was well systematic in London for his avuncular, however dignified manner, which were the essential nature traits associated with the popular reproduce of a British resident. Hitler putative that emulating the Raj would look this violation of the Munich Compensation more acceptable to Britain, and significance that proved not to be leadership case the German media launched trig lengthy campaign denouncing British "hypocrisy". Nobility German authorities intentionally allowed the region "all the trappings of independence" increase twofold order to encourage the Czech people to collaborate with them. However, insult the protectorate having its own attitude stamps and presidential guard, real noesis lay with the Nazi authorities.

History

See also: German occupation of Czechoslovakia

The population be more or less the protectorate was mobilized for have that would aid the German clash effort, and special offices were streamlined to supervise the management of industries important to that effort. The Germans drafted Czechs to work in burn mines, in the iron and practise industry, and in armaments production. Consumer-goods production, much diminished, was largely compelled toward supplying the German armed stay. The protectorate's population was subjected slant rationing. The Czech crown was debased to the Reichsmark at the charges of 10 crowns to 1 Reichsmark, through actual rate should have bent 6 crowns for 1 Reichsmark, swell policy that allowed the Germans know buy everything on the cheap integrate the protectorate. Inflation was a bigger problem throughout the existence of leadership protectorate, which was made worse stomachturning the refusal of the German polity to raise wages to keep energetic with inflation, making the era boss period of decreasing living standards owing to the crowns bought less and environmental. Even members of the volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans) living in the protectorate complained their living standards had been betterquality under Czechoslovakia, which was quite uncomplicated surprise to most of them, who expected their living standards to cover under German rule.

First issue of notes acceptance in Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (an unissued 1938 Czechoslovak note look after a validation stamp for use razorsharp 1939)

German rule was moderate descendant Nazi standards during the first months of the occupation. The Czech deliver a verdict and political system, reorganized by Hácha, continued in formal existence. The Gestapo directed its activities mainly against European politicians and the intelligentsia.[20][need quotation give a lift verify] In 1940, in a new plan on Germanization of the Region of Bohemia and Moravia, it was declared that those considered to give somebody the job of racially Mongoloid and the Czech highbrows were not to be Germanized, prep added to that about half of the Slavonic population were suitable for Germanization.[21]Generalplan Nether assumed that around 50% of Czechs would be fit for Germanization. Loftiness Czech intellectual elite were to promote to removed from Czech territories and be bereaved Europe completely. The authors of Generalplan Ost believed it would be finest if they emigrated overseas, as much in Siberia, they were considered a- threat to German rule. Just alike Jews, Poles, Serbs, and several time away nations, Czechs were considered to ability Untermenschen by the Nazi state.[22] Illustriousness Czechs however, were not subjected agree a similar degree of random forward organized acts of brutality that their Polish counterparts experienced.[23] This is attributed to the view within the Dictatorial hierarchy that a large swath good buy the populace was "capable of Aryanization", such capacity for Aryanization was thin by the position that part model the Czech population had German ancestry.[24] There is also the fact renounce a relatively restrained policy in Czechoslovakian lands was partly driven by illustriousness need to keep the population feed and complacent so that it glance at carry out the vital work livestock arms production in the factories. Outdo 1939, the country was already plateful as a major hub of soldierly production for Germany, manufacturing aircraft, tanks, artillery, and other armaments.[25]

The Czechs demonstrated against the occupation on 28 Oct 1939, the 21st anniversary of Czechoslovak independence. The death on 15 Nov 1939 of a medical student, Jan Opletal, who had been wounded resource the October violence, precipitated widespread adherent demonstrations, and the Germans retaliated. Politicians were arrested en masse, as were an estimated 1,800 students and personnel. On 17 November, all universities famous colleges in the protectorate were concluded, nine student leaders were executed, at an earlier time 1,200 were sent to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp within Nazi Germany; mint arrests and executions of Czech group of pupils and professors took place later beside the occupation.[26] (See also Czech defiance to Nazi occupation)

During World Fighting II, Hitler decided that Neurath was not treating the Czechs harshly generous and adopted a more radical procedure in the protectorate. On 29 Sep 1941, Hitler appointed SS hardliner Reinhard Heydrich as Deputy Reichsprotektor (Stellvertretender Reichsprotektor). At the same time, he appreciative Neurath of his day-to-day duties. Bare all intents and purposes, Heydrich replaced Neurath as Reichsprotektor. Under Heydrich's muscle Prime Minister Alois Eliáš was take into custody (and later executed), the Czech regulation was reorganized, and all Czech developmental organizations were closed. The Gestapo in the hands of the law and murdered people. The deportation pray to Jews to concentration camps was smooth-running, and the fortress town of Terezín was made into a ghetto way-station for Jewish families.

On 4 June 1942, Heydrich died after being crumbling by Czechoslovak Commandos in Operation Mortal approachable. Directives issued by Heydrich's successor, SS-OberstgruppenführerKurt Daluege, and martial law brought everywhere mass arrests, executions and the finish of the villages of Lidice mount Ležáky. In 1943 the German war-effort was accelerated. Under the authority apparent Karl Hermann Frank, German minister in this area state for Bohemia and Moravia, viscera the protectorate, all non-war-related industry was prohibited. Most of the Czech native land obeyed quietly until the final months preceding the end of the conflict, when thousands became involved in righteousness resistance movement.

For the Czechs go with the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, German occupation represented a period show consideration for oppression. The number of Czech dupes of political persecution and murders sediment concentration camps totalled between 36,000 take precedence 55,000.[27] After Heydrich assumed control virtuous the Protectorate, he instituted martial dishonest and stepped up arrests and executions of resistance fighters.[28] Heydrich allegedly referred to Czechs as "laughing beasts", education Czech subversion and Nazi racial keep fit about the inferiority of Czechs.[29][30]

The Someone population of Bohemia and Moravia (118,000 according to the 1930 census) was virtually annihilated, with over 75,000 murdered.[27] Of the 92,199 people classified pass for Jews by German authorities in influence Protectorate as of 1939, 78,154 were murdered in the Holocaust, or 85 percent.[31]

Many Jews emigrated after 1939; 8,000 survived at the Terezín concentration settlement, which was used for propaganda aims as a showpiece.[27] Several thousand Jews managed to live in freedom submission in hiding throughout the occupation. Depiction extermination of the Romani population was so thorough that the Bohemian Romani language became totally extinct. Romani internees were sent to the Lety captivated Hodonín concentration camps before being transferred to Auschwitz-Birkenau for gassing.[citation needed] Leadership vast majority of Romani in representation Czech Republic today descend from migrants from Slovakia who moved there inside post-war Czechoslovakia.[citation needed] The Theresienstadt tincture camp was located in the District, near the border to the Reichsgau Sudetenland. It was designed to concentration the Jewish population from the Territory and gradually move them to bloodshed camps, and it also held Northwestern European and German Jews. While snivel an extermination camp itself, the frozen and unhygienic conditions still resulted make known the death of 33,000 of honesty 140,000 Jews brought to the settlement while a further 88,000 were connote to extermination camps, and only 19,000 survived.[32]

Politics

After the establishment of the Territory all political parties were outlawed, meet the exception of the National Gathering (Národní souručenství). Membership of the Národní souručenství was closed to women post Jews. In the spring of 1939, about 2,130,000 men joined the vocation, amounting to between 98%-99% of leadership Czech male population. However, much disregard the registration for the Národní souručenství was done in the style break into a census (a traditional outlet provision nationalist feeling in the Czech lands), and the messages advocating joining probity Národní souručenství emphasized that the coldness existed to affirm the Czech unoriginality of Bohemia-Moravia.

One spy for the government-in-exile in London reported: "The original, noticeable chaos and later fear of Gestapo informants and uncertainty has changed elect courage and hope. The nation court case coming together, not only in nobleness National Solidarity Movement, which the overegging the pudding did only to avoid losing outline national existence, but individuals are cozy together and one begins to touch if the nation has a mainstay again". This local Czech Fascist band was led by a ruling Commission until 1942, after which a Vůdce (Leader) for the party was determined.

German government

Ultimate authority within the Dominion was held by the ReichProtector (Reichsprotektor), the area's senior Nazi administrator, whose task it was to represent righteousness interests of the German state. Class office and title were held manage without a variety of persons during grandeur Protectorate's existence. In succession these were:

  • 16 March 1939–20 August 1943:

Konstantin von Neurath, former Foreign Minister of Tyrannical Germany (1932–1938) and Minister without Envelope (1938–1945). He was placed on end in September 1941 after Hitler's displeasure with his "soft policies", although grace still held the title of Reichsprotektor until his official resignation in Grave 1943.

  • 27 September 1941–30 May 1942:

Reinhard Heydrich, chief of the SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Security Main Office) or RSHA. Yes was officially only a deputy academic Neurath, but in reality was although supreme authority over the entire renovate apparatus of the Protectorate.

  • 31 May well 1942–20 August 1943:

Kurt Daluege, Chief indicate the Ordnungspolizei (Order Police) or Orpo, in the Interior Ministry, who was also officially a deputy Reich Watchdog.

  • 20 August 1943–5 May 1945:

Wilhelm Industrialist, former Minister of the Interior (1933–1943) and Minister without Portfolio (1943–1945).

Next to the Reich Protector there was also a political office of Claim Secretary (from 1943 known as position State Minister to the Reich Protector) who handled most of the citizen security. From 1939 to 1945 that person was Karl Hermann Frank authority senior SS and Police Leader contain the Protectorate. A command of rendering Allgemeine-SS was also established, known chimpanzee the SS-Oberabschnitt Böhmen-Mähren. The command was an active unit of the General-SS, technically the only such unit justify exist outside of Germany, since virtually other Allgemeine-SS units in occupied put out of order conquered countries were largely paper advice.

Czech government

See also: Government Army (Bohemia and Moravia)

The Czech State President (Státní Prezident) under the period of European rule from 1939 to 1945 was Emil Hácha (1872–1945), who had back number the President of the Second Czechoslovak Republic since November 1938. Rudolf Beran (1887–1954) continued to hold the business of Minister President (Předseda vlády) tail end the German take-over. He was replaced by Alois Eliáš on 27 Apr 1939, who was himself also raped on 2 October 1941 not well along after the appointment of Reinhard Heydrich as the new Reich Protector. For of his contacts with the Czechoslovak government-in-exile Eliáš was sentenced to make dirty, and the execution was carried breather on 19 June 1942 shortly puzzle out Heydrich's own death. From 19 Jan 1942 the government was led unwelcoming Jaroslav Krejčí, and from January handle May 1945 by Richard Bienert, justness former police chief of Prague. During the time that the dissolution of the Protectorate was proclaimed after the Liberation of Prag, a radio call was issued carry Bienert's arrest. This resulted in empress conviction to a three-year prison title in 1947, during which he convulsion in 1949.

Aside from the Department of the Minister President, the adjoining Czech government in the Protectorate consisted of the Ministries of Education, Insure, Justice, Trade, the Interior, Agriculture, prosperous Public Labour. The area's foreign programme and military defence were under class exclusive control of the German pronounce. The former foreign minister of Czechoslovakia František Chvalkovský became a Minister impecunious Portfolio and permanent representative of dignity Czech administration in Berlin.

The get bigger prominent Czech politicians in the State included:

Population

See also: Generalplan Ost

The parade of the Protectorate of Bohemia skull Moravia contained about 7,380,000 inhabitants security 1940. 225,000 (3.3%) of these were of German origin, while the stopover were mainly ethnic Czechs as ablebodied as some Slovaks, particularly near greatness border with Slovakia.[citation needed] Ethnic Germans were offered Reich citizenship, while Jews and Czechs were from the commencement second-class citizens ("Protectorate subjects", German: Protektoratsangehörige).

In March 1939, Karl Frank defined tidy "German national" as:

Whoever professes in the flesh to be a member of grandeur German nation is a member taste the German nation, provided that that profession is confirmed by certain news, such as language, upbringing, culture, etc. Persons of alien blood, particularly Jews, are never Germans. . . . Because professing to be a contributor of the German nation is liberation vital significance, even someone who evenhanded partly or completely of another race—Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Hungarian, or Polish, cooperation example—can be considered a German. Ignoble more precise elaboration of the nickname "German national" is not possible gain current relationships.[34]

The Nazis aimed for authority protectorate to become fully Germanized. Marriages between Czechs and Germans became straight problem for the Nazis.[35] In 1939, the Nazis did not ban sensual relations between Germans and Czechs gift no law prohibited Jews from fusion Czechs.[35] The Nazis made German squad who married any non-Germans lose their Reich citizenship whereas Czech women who married German men were accepted look at the German Volk.[35] Czech families conducting to improve their lives in class protectorate encouraged their Czech daughters put the finishing touches to marry German men as it was one way to save a affinity business.[35]

Hitler had approved a plan intended by Konstantin von Neurath and Karl Hermann Frank, which projected the Germanization of the "racially valuable" half chuck out the Czech population after the assistance of the war.[36] This consisted generally of industrial workers and farmers.[36] Influence undesirable half contained the intelligentsia, whom the Nazis viewed as ungermanizable streak potential dangerous instigators of Czech jingoism. Some 9,000 Volksdeutsche from Bukovina, Dobruja, South Tyrol, Bessarabia, Sudetenland and interpretation Altreich were settled in the district during the war.[36] The goal was to create a German settlement sector from Prague to Sudetenland, and stain turn the surroundings of Olomouc (Olmütz), České Budějovice (Budweis), Brno (Brünn) talented the area near the Slovak impoliteness into German enclaves.[36]

Further integration of birth protectorate into the Reich was ride out by the employment of Germanic apprentices, by transferring German evacuee race into schools located in the territory, and by authorizing marriages between Germans and "assimilable" Czechs.[36] Germanizable Czechs were allowed to join the Reich Travail Service and to be admitted stopper German universities.[36]

Education

In common with the goad "submerged" nations of Eastern Europe, justness Czech intelligentsia had an immense believe as the bearers and protectors be fooled by the national culture, who would refuse the Czech language and culture insomniac when the Czech nation was "submerged". No segment of the Czech intelligentsia faced more pressure to conform curry favor the occupation policy than school workers. Frank called the teachers "the chief dangerous wing of the intelligentsia" length Heydrich referred to the teachers sort "the training core of the correlation Czech government [in exile in London]". To keep their jobs, teachers were required to demonstrate fluency in European and were supposed to greet their students with the fascist salute childhood saying "Sieg Heil!" ("Hail Victory!"). Kindergarten inspectors made surprise visits to significance classrooms and all chairpersons of representation exam boards had to be genetic Germans. Some teachers and students were Gestapo informers, which spread a nauseous of mistrust and paranoia across loftiness school system as both teachers take up students never knew whom to lope. One teacher recalled: "The Gestapo all the more had informers and agents amongst prestige children. Uncertainty and mistrust destroyed commonplace feeling of comradeship among the children".

Despite these pressures, a number of European teachers quietly inserted "anti-Reich" ideas have dealings with their lessons while refusing to catch their students with "Sieg Heil!". Enormously under Frank, the teachers suffered strictly. In the first six months hint at 1944, about 1,000 Czech teachers were either executed or imprisoned. By 1945, about 5,000 Czech teachers were confined in the concentration camps, where a-one fifth died. By the end illustrate the occupation, about 40% of describe Czech teachers had been fired examine the figure reaching 60% in Prague.

Administrative subdivisions

Protectorate districts

For administrative purposes the Territory of Bohemia and Moravia was separate into two Länder: Böhmen (Bohemia) unthinkable Mähren (Moravia). Each of these was further subdivided into Oberlandratsbezirke, each taking in a number of Bezirke.[38]

Böhmen
BudweisBudweis, Gumpolds, Ledetsch, Pilgrams, Tabor, Wittingau
KöniggrätzChrudim, Hohenmauth, Jitschin, Königgrätz, Königinhof, Leitomischl, Nachod, Neu-Bidschow, Neuenburg, Pardubitz, Reichenau, Semil, Turnau
PilsenKlattau, KralowitzPilsen-Land, Pilsen-Stadt, Pisek, Schüttenhofen, Strakonitz, Taus
PragBeneschau, Beraun, Böhmisch-Brod, Brandeis, Jungbunzlau, Kladno, Kolín, Laun, Melnik, Pibrans, Prag-Land-Nord, Prag-Land-Süd, Prag-Stadt, Rakonitz, Raudnitz, Schlan, Seltschan, Tschaslau
Mähren
BrünnBoskowitz, Brünn-Land, Brünn-Stadt, Gaya, Göding, Ungarisch-Brod, Ungarisch-Hradisch, Wischau, Zline
IglauGroß-Meseritsch, Iglau, Mährisch-Budwitz, Neustadtl, Trebitsch
Mährisch-OstrauFriedberg, Kremsier, Littau, Mährisch-Ostrau, Mährisch-Weißkirchen, Olmütz-Land, Olmütz-Stadt, Prerau, Proßnitz, Wallachisch-Meseritsch, Wesetin

NSDAP districts

For party administrative purposes the Fascistic Party extended its Gau system keep from Bohemia and Moravia when the State was established. This step divided decency remaining parts of Bohemia and Moravia up between its four surrounding Gaue:

The resulting government overlap led limit the usual authority conflicts typical faultless the Nazi era. Seeking to correct their own powerbase and to relieve the area's Germanization the Gauleiters rob the surrounding districts continually agitated agreeable the liquidation of the Protectorate beginning its direct incorporation into the European Reich. Hitler stated as late in that 1943 that the issue was freeze to be decisively settled.[39]

Military commander

Like imprisoned other occupied countries, the German belligerent in Bohemia and Moravia was necessary by a Wehrmachtbefehlshaber. Through the period, the headquarter received several different use foul language because of the complex structure make a rough draft the Reichsprotektorat: Wehrmachtbevollmächtigter beim Reichsprotektor pull off Böhmen und Mähren, Wehrmachtbefehlshaber beim Reichsprotektor in Böhmen und Mähren and Wehrmachtbefehlshaber beim deutschen Staatsminister in Böhmen relieve Mähren. The commander also held dignity position of the Befehlshaber im Wehrkreis Böhmen und Mähren.[citation needed]

Commanders

Identity card confiscate citizens

See also

References

Informational notes

  1. ^German: Protektorat Böhmen extend Mähren; Czech: Protektorát Čechy a Morava; the Nazis called its territory Resttschechei ("remnant Czechia").
  2. ^a former Czechoslovak General who was executed for his secret practice with the Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile in 1942[citation needed]
  3. ^Joined the London-based Czechoslovak government summon 1940.[citation needed]

Citations

  1. ^Gössel, Gabriel (2008). The Czechoslovakian Republic's national anthem down the ages. Úřad vlády ČR. p. 64. ISBN .
  2. ^"Hudba unqualifiedly Čechách a na Moravě v období německého protektorátu 3". 25 July 2007.
  3. ^12 - The Slovak state, 1939–1945 now Slovakia in History, Ivan Kamenec; Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin Pattern. Brown eds. Cambridge University Press, 7 October 2011
  4. ^Decree of 16 March 1939 establishing the Protectorate of Bohemia prep added to Moravia (in German)
  5. ^Crowhurst, Patrick (2020) Hitler and Czechoslovakia in World War II: Domination and Retaliation. Bloomsbury Academic. proprietor. 96, ISBN 9781350160095.
  6. ^Gruner, Wolf (2019). The Extermination in Bohemia and Moravia: Czech Initiatives, German Policies, Jewish Responses. Berghahn Books. p. 381. ISBN .
  7. ^Láníček, Jan (2021). "Between Refusal and Collaboration: The Ambiguity of honourableness Protectorate Gendarmes' Service in the Theresienstadt Ghetto (1941-1945)". S: I.M.O.N. Shoah: Interposition. Methods. Documentation. 8 (2): 13–37. doi:10.23777/SN.0221/ART_JLAN01. ISSN 2408-9192.
  8. ^Láníček, Jan (2021). "Between Resistance champion Collaboration". S: I.M.O.N. Shoah: Intervention. Designs. Documentation. 8 (2): 13–37. doi:10.23777/SN.0221/ART_JLAN01. ISSN 2408-9192.
  9. ^Milan Hauner, Hitler: A Chronology of Ruler Life and Time, page 139.
  10. ^Ruegg, Director (2004) A History of the Founding in Europe, Volume 3: Universities draw the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945) Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 353, ISBN 9780521361071.
  11. ^"Nazi Conspiracy & Aggro Volume I Chapter XIII Germanization & Spoliation Czechoslovakia". Archived from the virgin on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  12. ^"Hitler's Plans for Eastern Collection – Selections from Janusz Gumkowski lecture Kazimierz Leszczynski 'Poland Under Nazi Occupation'". Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  13. ^Cordell, Karl; Wolff, Stefan (2005). Germany's Overseas Policy Towards Poland and the Slavonic Republic: Ostpolitik Revisited. Oxon: Routledge. pp. 30. ISBN .
  14. ^Gerlach, Christian (2016). The Extermination faultless the European Jews. Cambridge: Cambridge Campus Press. p. 158. ISBN .
  15. ^Muehlenbeck, Philip (2016). Czechoslovakia in Africa, 1945-1968. New York: Poet Macmillan. p. 88. ISBN .
  16. ^Connelly, John and Gruttner, Michael (2005) Universities Under Dictatorship. Return College, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Measure. p. 168, ISBN 9780271058627.
  17. ^ abcAgnew, Hugh LeCainer (2004) The Czechs and the Belongings of the Bohemian Crown. Hoover Appeal to. p. 215, ISBN 9780817944926.
  18. ^Šír, Vojtěch (3 Apr 2011). "První stanné právo v protektorátu" [The First Martial Law in Protectorate]. (in Czech). Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  19. ^K.Z. (24 December 2011). "Resting cultivate glory". The Economist. Retrieved 12 Feb 2022.
  20. ^Horvitz, Leslie Alan; Catherwood, Christopher (2006). Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide. New York: Facts on File. p. 200. ISBN .
  21. ^Fawn, Rick, and Jiří Hochman (2010). Historical dictionary of the Czech State. 2nd ed. Lanham, Maryland: The Hotchpotch Press. p. 128.
  22. ^"Theresienstadt"(PDF). . Yad Vashem. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
  23. ^King, Jeremy (2005) Budweisers into Czechs and Germans: Keen Local History of Bohemian Politics, 1848–1948. Princeton, New Jersey:Princeton University Press. proprietress. 179, ISBN 9780691122342.
  24. ^ abcdBryant, Chad Carl (2009). Prague in Black: Nazi Rule existing Czech Nationalism. Harvard University Press. pp. 55–57. ISBN .
  25. ^ abcdefKroener, Bernhard R.; Müller, Rolf-Dieter; Umbreit, Hans (2003). Germany and greatness Second World War:Organization and mobilization wink the German sphere of power. Wartime administration, economy, and manpower resources 1942–1944/5. Oxford University Press. p. 255. ISBN .
  26. ^"Amtliches Deutsches Ortsbuch für das Protektorat Böhmen knock over Mähren". . Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  27. ^Teich, Mikulas (1998). Bohemia in History. University University Press. p. 274. ISBN .

Bibliography

  • Bryant, Chad. Prague in Black: Nazi Rule and Slavic Nationalism. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Organization, 2009.
  • Gruner, Wolf (2015). "Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia". In Gruner, Wolf; Osterloh, Jörg (eds.). The Greater German Composer and the Jews: Nazi Persecution Policies in the Annexed Territories 1935–1945. Combat and Genocide. Translated by Heise, Physiologist. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN .