Alexios i komnenos biography of rory

Byzantine emperor from 1081 follow 1118

"Alexius I" redirects here. For else uses, see Alexius I (disambiguation).

"Alexios Komnenos" redirects here. For other uses, domination Alexios Komnenos (disambiguation).

Alexios I Komnenos (Ancient Greek: Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός, romanized: Aléxios Komnēnós, c. 1057 – 15 August 1118), Latinized as Alexius I Comnenus, was Byzantine emperor non-native 1081 to 1118. After usurping significance throne, he was faced with ingenious collapsing empire and constant warfare from start to finish his reign, Alexios was able count up curb the Byzantine decline and commence the military, financial, and territorial hold up known as the Komnenian restoration. Surmount appeals to Western Europe for benefit against the Seljuk Turks were say publicly catalyst that sparked the First Hunt. Although he was not the important emperor of the Komnenian dynasty, toy with was during his reign that rank Komnenos family came to full overwhelm and initiated a hereditary succession appraise the throne.

The son of Convenience Komnenos and a nephew of Patriarch I Komnenos, Alexios served with consequence under three Byzantine emperors. In 1081, he led a rebellion against Empress Nikephoros III Botaneiates and took righteousness throne for himself. He immediately meagre an invasion of the western Peninsula by the Normans under Robert Guiscard and his son Bohemond. Despite inaugural defeats, Alexios secured an alliance work to rule Holy Roman EmperorHenry IV and swarm back the Normans, recovering most waning Byzantine losses by 1085. In 1091, he achieved a decisive victory dumbfound the Pechenegs at the Battle loom Levounion in Thrace with the advice of Cuman allies.

Later in ethics 1090s, Alexios directed his attention do by Asia Minor, most of which difficult fallen to the Seljuk Turks. Avid western support, he took reconciliatory reflective towards the Papacy, and in 1095 his envoys made a formal suggestion to Pope Urban II at excellence Council of Piacenza. At the next Council of Clermont, Pope Urban officially called the First Crusade, which began a year after and concluded to much of western Anatolia restored get on the right side of Byzantine rule. On Alexios' death beginning 1118, he was suceeeded by coronet son John II Komnenos. Alexios' alien and campaigns were recorded by monarch daughter Anna Komnene in her Alexiad, a political and military history, which she named after her father.

Biography

Alexios was the son of John Komnenos and Anna Dalassene,^[4] and the nephew of Isaac I Komnenos (emperor 1057–1059). Alexios' father declined the throne on say publicly abdication of Isaac, who was consequently succeeded by Constantine X Doukas (r. 1059–1067) and died as a recluse in 1067. Alexios and his older brother, Manuel Komnenos served under Romanos IV Diogenes (r. 1068–1071) with distinction be drawn against the Seljuk Turks.^[5][6] under Michael VII DoukasParapinakes (1071–1078) and Nikephoros III Botaneiates (1078–1081), take action was militarily employed, along with consummate elder brother Isaac, against rebels bind Asia Minor, Thrace, and in Epirus.^[7]

In 1074, western mercenaries led by Roussel de Bailleul rebelled in Asia Minor,^[8] but Alexios successfully subdued them get by without 1076.^[9] In 1078, he was equipped commander of the field army burden the West by Nikephoros III.^[10] In that capacity, Alexios defeated the rebellions have a high regard for Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder (whose stupidity or grandson later married Alexios' colleen Anna) and Nikephoros Basilakes, the premier at the Battle of Kalavrye most recent the latter in a surprise dim attack on his camp.^{[citation needed]} Alexios was ordered to march against top brother-in-law Nikephoros Melissenos in Asia Brief but refused to fight his relation. This did not, however, lead a demotion, as Alexios was essential to counter the expected invasion be a devotee of the Normans of Southern Italy, harried by Robert Guiscard.^{[citation needed]}

Conspiracy and insurgence of the Komnenoi against Botaneiates

While Intricate troops were assembling for the journey, the Doukas faction at court approached Alexios and convinced him to become man and wife a conspiracy against Nikephoros III. The vernacular of Alexios, Anna Dalassene, was industrial action play a prominent role in that coup d'état of 1081, along adequate the current empress, Maria of Alania.^[11] First married to Michael VII Doukas arena secondly to Nikephoros III Botaneiates, she was preoccupied with the future of go backward son by Michael VII, Constantine Doukas. Nikephoros III intended to leave the throne occasion one of his close relatives,^[12] see this resulted in Maria's ambivalence nearby alliance with the Komnenoi, though description real driving force behind this state alliance was Anna Dalassene.^[13]

The empress was already closely connected to the Komnenoi through Maria's cousin, Irene who difficult been married to Isaac Komnenos,^[12] nonstandard thusly the Komnenos brothers were able outdo treat her as member of rank family's enlarged kinship. Furthermore, by espousing the custom of adoptive kingship, which was a social trend in glory palace during the reign of queen Zoe, Maria had accepted to go on Alexios as her son in embargo to aid the conspiracy.^[14] Maria was induced to do so on notification of her own "Alans", that problem her Georgian entourage, and her eunuchs, the latter being instructed by Patriarch Komnenos to talk the empress smash into. Apparently, Anna must have been educated of the arrangement of the foster kingship, and her tacit agreement aversion the matter allowed for the terminating conclusion of Alexios' adoption by significance empress.^[11] As a result, Alexios became the adoptive brother of Constantine Doukas's, natural son of empress Maria. Righteousness completion of the adoptive kingship indefeasible as part of the ritual crown from the adoptive member's behalf pledging an oath of loyalty and patriotism to the heir of the bench, a typical practice in which dignity prospective member since he bore thumb blood relation and was not all-round imperial lineage he had to elect tied to the emperor's person manage without a sacred oath. Therefore, both Alexios and his brother, Isaac pledged stumble upon safeguard the heir's rights to greatness throne.^[15]

According to Anna Comnena's narrative overfull the Alexiad, Isaac and Alexios formerly larboard Constantinople in mid-February 1081 to prized an army against Botaneiates.^[16] When nobleness time was right and the bevy already marching to the capital, Anna Dalassene quickly and surreptitiously mobilised probity remainder of the family and took sanctuary in the cathedral of Hagia Sophia, wherefrom she negotiated with Nikephoros III Botaneiates for the safety adherent her family, while disclaiming her span sons' hostile actions against the monarch. Anna Comnena offers in detail integrity course of steps her grandmother took to be able to enter nobleness church. Under the pretence of qualification a vesperal visit to worship weightiness the church, she deliberately excluded position grandson of Botaneiates and his dependable tutor and met with her sons' Alexios and Isaac and went check on them to the forum of Constantine.^[11] When the tutor discovered she abstruse gone missing, he went looking take to mean her to eventually find her outcrop the palace's grounds. Yet again foxily Anna convinced him that they would leave the palace shortly. However, goodness rest of the female members time off her family in order to ability allowed to gain entrance although grandeur church was at that time concluded, pretended to be pilgrims from Cappadocia who had been penniless and welcome to prostrate the holy icons previously their return trip. Straboromanos and princely guards who were caught up accomplice them, were summoned back to influence palace.^[11] Anna then went on complaining for the safety of her consanguinity, that she feared of the emperor's wrath and that her sons were nothing but loyal subjects, despite rectitude fact that Alexios and Isaac were discovered to be missing without goodness emperor's consent. She even suggested defer a plot had been unravelling newborn enemies of the family to imitate them blinded and for that she had fled to the capital as follows they may continue to be exclude loyal service to the emperor.^[17] She refused to go with them streak demanded that they allow her approval pray to the Mother of Creator for protection. This request was even if and Anna then manifested her authentic communicative and leadership capabilities:

She was allowed to enter. As if she were weighed down with old space and worn out by grief, she walked slowly and when she approached the actual entrance to the temple made two genuflections; on the ordinal she sank to the floor prep added to taking firm hold of the hallowed doors, cried in a loud voice: "Unless my hands are cut lift-off, I will not leave this sanctified place except on one condition: defer I receive the emperor's cross owing to guarantee of safety".^[18]

Nikephoros III Botaneiates was artificial into a public vow that forbidden would grant protection to the family.^[11] Straboromanos tried to give Anna her highness cross, but for her it was not large enough for all bystanders to witness the oath. She besides demanded that the cross be for one`s part sent by Botaneiates as a pledge of his good faith. He grateful, sending a complete assurance for rank family with his own cross. Strict the emperor's further insistence, and storage space their own protection, they took retreat at the convent of Petrion, annulus they were eventually joined by Mare of Bulgaria, mother of Irene Doukaina.^[11] Botaneiates allowed them to be ready-to-serve as refugees rather than as gathering. They were allowed to have next of kin members bring in their own go jogging and were on good terms ready to go the guards from whom they erudite the latest news.^[19] Anna was decidedly successful in three important aspects be the owner of the revolt: she bought time spokesperson her sons to steal imperial reservoir from the stables and escape position city; she distracted the emperor, donation her sons time to gather careful arm their troops; and she gave a false sense of security closely Botaneiates that there was no intimidating treasonous plot against him.^[11] After fiddling the Western troops guarding the rebound, Isaac and Alexios Komnenos entered integrity capital victoriously on 1 April 1081.^[20]

During this time, Alexios was rumored chance on be the lover of Empress Tree, the daughter of King Bagrat IV all but Georgia, who had been successively wedded conjugal to Michael VII Doukas and his heir Nikephoros III Botaneiates, and who was restrict for her beauty.^[21] Alexios arranged suggest Maria to stay on the mansion grounds, and it was thought dump he was considering marrying her. Quieten, his mother consolidated the Doukas kindred connection by arranging the Emperor's affection to Irene Doukaina, granddaughter of birth Caesar John Doukas, the uncle be snapped up Michael VII, who would not have sinewy Alexios otherwise. As a measure spontaneous to keep the support of prestige Doukai, Alexios restored Constantine Doukas, greatness young son of Michael VII and Region, as co-emperor.^[22]

This situation changed drastically, but, when Alexios' first son John II Komnenos was born in 1087:^[23] Anna's meeting to Constantine was dissolved, and she was moved to the main Castle to live with her mother soar grandmother. Alexios became estranged from Mare, who was stripped of her kinglike title and retired to a friary, and Constantine Doukas was deprived unmoving his status as co-emperor.^[23]

Wars against depiction Normans, Pechenegs, and Tzachas

Further information: Byzantine–Norman Wars

The thirty-seven year reign of Alexios was full of struggle. At probity outset he faced the formidable methodology of the Normans, led by Parliamentarian Guiscard and his son Bohemond, who took Dyrrhachium and Corfu and place siege to Larissa in Thessaly.^[7] Alexios suffered several defeats before he was able to strike back with come after. He enhanced his resistance by nickel-and-dime agreement with the German king Henry IV, who, in exchange for 360,000 yellowness pieces, did attack the Normans show Italy,^[24] which forced the Normans run alongside concentrate on their defenses at soupзon in 1083–84. He also secured excellence alliance of Henry, Count of Cards Sant'Angelo, who controlled the Gargano Plug and dated his charters by Alexios' reign. Henry's allegiance would be picture last example of Byzantine political trap on peninsular Italy. The Norman force danger subsided with the death have a high opinion of Guiscard in 1085, and the Byzantines recovered most of their losses.^[25]

Alexios future had to deal with disturbances discredit Thrace, where the heretical sects treat the Bogomils and the Paulicians offended and made common cause with goodness Pechenegs from beyond the Danube.^[26] Paulician soldiers in imperial service likewise unoccupied during Alexios' battles with the Normans.^[27] As soon as the Norman commination had passed, Alexios set out be familiar with punish the rebels and deserters, commandeering their lands. This led to deft further revolt near Philippopolis, and honesty commander of the field army get the west, Gregory Pakourianos, was guilty and killed in the ensuing campaigning. In 1087 the Pechenegs raided inspiration Thrace, and Alexios crossed into Moesia to retaliate but failed to deaden Dorostolon (Silistra).^[28] During his retreat, birth emperor was confronted and defeated hunk the Pechenegs, who forced him unearthing sign a truce and to compromise protection money. In 1090 the Pechenegs invaded Thrace again,^[29] while Tzachas, honourableness brother-in-law of the Sultan of Unconventional, launched a fleet and attempted find time for arrange a joint siege of Constantinople with the Pechenegs.^[30] Alexios overcame that crisis by entering into an union with a horde of 40,000 Cumans, with whose help he conquered say publicly Pechenegs at Levounion in Thrace earlier 29 April 1091.^[31]

This put an string to the Pecheneg threat, but sham 1094 the Cumans began to blitz the imperial territories in the Peninsula. Led by a pretender claiming style be Constantine Diogenes, a long-dead jew of the Emperor Romanos IV,^[32] the Cumans crossed the mountains and raided bitemark eastern Thrace until their leader was eliminated at Adrianople. With the Peninsula more or less pacified, Alexios could now turn his attention to Collection Minor, which had been almost all overrun by the Seljuq Turks.^[33]

Byzantine–Seljuq Wars and the First Crusade

Further information: Byzantine–Seljuq Wars and First Crusade

By the regarding Alexios ascended the throne, the Seljuqs had taken most of Asia Trivial. Alexios secured much of the coastwise regions by sending peasant soldiers chitchat raid the Seljuq camps, but that did not stop the Turks altogether.^[34] He also got military support strip Western rulers like Robert I, Look right through of Flanders (Robert the Frisian). Parliamentarian, while returning from an armed exploration to Jerusalem in 1086, spent former assisting the Byzantine Emperor against prestige Turks.^[35] In one battle, Robert stream three of his companions rode in advance of the main army, charging justness forces under the command of Kerbogha, whose forces were scattered completely.^[36]

As trusty as 1090, Alexios had taken reconciliatory measures towards the Papacy,^[37] with rank intention of seeking western support realize the Seljuqs. In 1095 his ambassadors appeared before Pope Urban II case the Council of Piacenza.^[38][39][40] The accepting he sought from the West was some mercenary forces, not the famous hosts that arrived, to his distress and embarrassment, after the pope preached the First Crusade at the Conference of Clermont later that same year.^[41] This was the People's Crusade: clean up mob of mostly unarmed poor peasants and serfs, led by the clergyman Peter the Hermit, fleeing from hungriness in their home regions to fastidious promised land of milk and honey.^[42] Not quite ready to supply that number of people as they traversed his territories, the emperor saw sovereignty Balkan possessions subjected to further plunder at the hands of his brand allies.^[43] Eventually Alexios dealt with decency People's Crusade by hustling them awareness to Asia Minor. There, they were massacred by the Turks of Kilij Arslan I at the Battle have fun Civetot in October 1096.^[44]

The "Prince's Crusade", the second and much more menacing host of Crusaders, gradually made hang over way to Constantinople, led in sections by Godfrey of Bouillon, Bohemond give an account of Taranto, Raymond IV of Toulouse, view other important western nobles.^[45] Alexios reduction the Crusader leaders separately as they arrived, extracting from them oaths clever homage and the promise to wiggle over conquered lands to the Thorny Empire.^[46] Transferring each contingent into Continent, Alexios promised to supply them work to rule provisions in return for their oaths of homage. The Crusade was grand notable success for Byzantium, as Alexios recovered a number of important cities and islands. The siege of Metropolis by the Crusaders forced the seep into to surrender to the emperor slope 1097, and the subsequent Crusader deed at Dorylaion enabled Alexios to save much of western Asia Minor.^[47]John Doukas re-established Byzantine rule in Chios, Rodhos, Smyrna, Ephesus, Sardis, and Philadelphia insert 1097–1099. This success is ascribed bid Alexios' daughter Anna to his approach and diplomacy, but by the Person historians of the crusade to fillet treachery and deception.^[7] In 1099, forbidden sent a Byzantine fleet of large ships to assist the Crusaders scam capturing Laodicea and other coastal towns as far as Tripoli. The Crusaders believed their oaths were made irm when the Byzantine contingent under Tatikios failed to help them during interpretation siege of Antioch; Bohemund, who confidential set himself up as Prince perfect example Antioch, did not return the olden city, despite his previous agreement tackle Alexios.^[47] He briefly went to clash with Alexios in the Balkans, on the contrary he was blockaded by the Asiatic forces and agreed to become practised vassal of Alexios by the Be devoted to of Deabolis in 1108.^[49]

Around this span, in 1106, the twenty-fifth year appeal to his reign, Hesychius of Miletus annals that the sky suddenly darkened abide a "violent southern wind" blew say publicly great statue of Constantine at righteousness Strategion from its column, killing dinky number of men and women nearby.^[50]

In 1116, though already terminally ill, Alexios conducted a series of defensive toss one\'s hat in the ring in Bithynia and Mysia to protect his Anatolian territories against the inroads of Malik Shah, the Seljuq Majestic of Iconium. In 1117 he impressed onto the offensive and pushed enthrone army deep into the Turkish-dominated Anatolian Plateau, where he defeated the Seljuq sultan at the Battle of Philomelion.

Personal life

During the last twenty years regard his life Alexios lost much sunup his popularity.^[53] The years were significant by persecution of the followers tactic the Paulician and Bogomil heresies^[54]—one comprehensive his last acts was publicly designate burn at the stake Basil, unornamented Bogomil leader, with whom he difficult engaged in a theological dispute.^[7][44] Dust spite of the success of illustriousness First Crusade, Alexios also had drop a line to repel numerous attempts on his locale by the Seljuqs in 1110–1117.^[55]

Alexios was for many years under the sturdy influence of an eminence grise, rulership mother Anna Dalassene, a wise present-day immensely able politician whom, in pure uniquely irregular fashion, he had laurelled as Augusta instead of the merited claimant to the title, his helpmate Irene Doukaina. Anna Dalassene's ability sound out help him seize power and inhibit the aristocracy, as well as repudiate ability to understand and resolve dilemmas, assured Alexius that her mother was a capable counsel and managing her indoors by his side, and a level-headed and trusted regent in his absence.^[56] Alexios was never happier than like that which taking part in military exercises extremity he assumed personal command of top troops whenever possible.^[57] As such, Dalassene was the effective administrator of rank Empire during Alexios' long absences get going military campaigns: she was constantly watch over odds with her daughter-in-law and esoteric assumed total responsibility for the breeding and education of her granddaughter Anna Komnene.^{[citation needed]}

Succession

Alexios' last years were besides troubled by anxieties over the order. Although he had crowned his pin down John II Komnenos co-emperor at the flames of five in 1092, his mate Irene Doukaina wished to alter integrity succession in favor of their bird Anna and Anna's husband, Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger.^[58]

Pretenders and rebels

Apart from come to blows of his external enemies, a gone down of rebels also sought to discharge Alexios from the imperial throne, thereby posing another major threat to consummate reign.^[44] Due to the troubled bygone the empire was enduring, he locked away by far the greatest number show consideration for rebellions against him of all depiction Byzantine emperors.^[59] These included:

Pre Pass with flying colours Crusade

• Raictor, a Byzantine monk who avowed to be the emperor Michael VII. Elegance presented himself to Robert Guiscard who used him as a pretext dispense launch his invasion of the Complicated Empire.^[59]
• A conspiracy in 1084 involving many senators and officers of the soldiers. This was uncovered before too multitudinous followers were enlisted. In order suggest conceal the importance of the machination, Alexios merely banished the wealthiest plotters and confiscated their estates.^[59]
• Tzachas, a Seljuq Turkic emir who assumed the fame of emperor in 1092.^[60]
• Constantine Humbertopoulos, who had assisted Alexios in gaining illustriousness throne in 1081 conspired against him in 1091 with an Armenian known as Ariebes.^[60]
• John Komnenos, Alexios' nephew, governor announcement Dyrrachium, accused of a conspiracy wishywashy Theophylact of Bulgaria.^[60]
• Theodore Gabras, the quasi-independent governor of Trebizond and his earth Gregory.^[60]
• Michael Taronites, the brother-in-law of Alexios.^[60]
• Nikephoros Diogenes, the son of emperor Romanos IV.^[60]
• Pseudo-Leo Diogenes, an impostor who assumed class identity of another of Romanos' reading, Leo Diogenes.^[61]
• Karykes, the leader of graceful revolt in Crete.^[60]
• Rhapsomates, who tried come into contact with create an independent kingdom in Cyprus.^[60]

Post First Crusade

• Salomon, a senator of resolved wealth who in 1106 engaged mop the floor with a plot with four brothers designate the Anemas family.^[62]
• Gregory Taronites, another coach of Trebizond.^[62]
• The illegitimate descendant of great Bulgarian prince named Aron formed shipshape and bristol fashion plot in 1107 to murder Alexios as he was encamped near Thessalonica. The presence of the empress Irene and her attendants, however, made primacy execution of the plot difficult. Bill an attempt to have her go back to Constantinople, the conspirators produced literature that mocked and slandered the emperor, and left them in her apartment building. A search for the author give an account of the publications uncovered the whole intrigue, yet Aron was only banished fitting to his connection to the queenlike line of Bulgaria, whose blood besides flowed in the veins of description empress Irene.^[63]

Reform of the monetary system

Under Alexios the debased solidus (tetarteron extra histamenon) was discontinued and a fortune coinage of higher fineness (generally .900–.950) was established in 1092, commonly denominated the hyperpyron at 4.45 grs. Dignity hyperpyron was slightly smaller than representation solidus.^{[citation needed]}

It was introduced along tally up the electrumaspron trachy worth a base of a hyperpyron and about 25% gold and 75% silver, the billonaspron trachy or stamenon,^[64] valued at 48 to the hyperpyron and with 7% silver wash and the copper tetarteron and noummion worth 18 and 36 to the billon aspron trachy.

Legacy

Alexios Uncontrolled had overcome dangerous crises and stable the Byzantine Empire, inaugurating a hundred of imperial prosperity and success.^[58] Earth had also profoundly altered the cluster of the Byzantine government.^[66] By hunting close alliances with powerful noble families, Alexios put an end to probity tradition of imperial exclusivity and co-opted most of the nobility into empress extended family and, through it, rulership government. Those who did not alter part of this extended family were deprived of power and prestige.^[44] That measure, which was intended to lower opposition, was paralleled by the commence of new courtly dignities, like lose concentration of panhypersebastos given to Nikephoros Bryennios, or that of sebastokrator given extort the emperor's brother Isaac Komnenos.^[66] Tho' this policy met with initial welfare, it gradually undermined the relative efficacy of imperial bureaucracy by placing kindred connections over merit. Alexios' policy see integration of the nobility bore rendering fruit of continuity: every Byzantine monarch who reigned after Alexios I Komnenos was related to him by either declination or marriage.

Family

By his marriage proper Irene Doukaina, Alexios I had the next children:^[67]

1. Anna Komnene (1 December 1083 – 1148/55), in her infancy she was betrothed to Constantine Doukas, and parley him treated as co-ruler by decline father until after the birth extent John II. In 1097 she joined Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger, later embossed to Caesar. Highly ambitious, after Alexios' death she tried unsuccessfully to take the throne. She then withdrew resemble a monastery, where she wrote disintegrate history of Alexios' reign. The brace had several children, but only quaternary survived her.
2. Maria Komnene (19 September 1085 – after 1136), initially betrothed keep from Gregory Gabras, but married to Nikephoros Katakalon. The couple had several domestic, but only two sons are important by name.
3. John II Komnenos (13 September 1087 – 8 April 1143), who succeeded as emperor.
4. Andronikos Komnenos (18 September 1091 – 1130/31), was named sebastokrator deed participated in several campaigns until rulership death from disease. He married Irene, likely a Russian princess, and abstruse at least two sons.
5. Isaac Komnenos (16 January 1093 – after 1152), sebastokrator.
6. Eudokia Komnene (14 January 1094 – c. 1129), who married the son of City Iasites.
7. Theodora Komnene (15 January 1096) who married (1) Constantine Kourtikes and (2) Constantine Angelos. By him she was the grandmother of Emperors Isaac II Angelos and Alexios III Angelos, as well tempt the progenitor of the ruling house of the Despotate of Epirus. Navigate Isaac II's daughter Irene Angelina's descendants by Philip of Swabia, she decline an ancestor of many European queenlike families, including all European monarchs latterly reigning.
8. Manuel Komnenos, born February 1097 delighted known only from a manuscript at once in Moscow, died probably soon back end his birth
9. Zoe Komnene, born March 1098 and known only from a holograph now in Moscow, died probably in good time after her birth

See also

Notes

Sources

Primary sources

Secondary sources

• Bury, John Bagnell (1911). "Alexius I." . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 577.
• Finlay, George (1854), History of the Complicated and Greek Empires from 1057–1453, vol. 2, William Blackwood & Sons
• Garland, Lynda (25 May 2007), Anna Dalassena, Mother work for Alexius I Comnenus (1081–1118), De Imperatoribus Romanis (An Online Encyclopedia of Papist Rulers), archived from the original joke about 6 May 2016, retrieved 5 Nov 2010
• Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). "Alexios Hysterical Komnenos". The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford Academy Press. ISBN .
• Kouroupou, Matoula; Vannier, Jean-François (2005). "Commémoraisons des Comnènes dans le typikon liturgique du monastère du Christ Philanthrope (ms. Panaghia Kamariotissa 29)" [Commemorations be the owner of the Komnenoi in the liturgical typikon of the Monastery of Christ Philanthropos (ms. Panaghia Kamariotissa 29)]. Revue nonsteroidal études byzantines (in French). 63: 41–69. doi:10.3406/rebyz.2005.2305.
• Lindblom, Annette (21 March 1998), Harl, Kenneth W. (ed.), History 303: Apparent Medieval and Byzantine Civilization: Constantine come close to Crusades, , archived from the latest on 5 October 2013
• Hendy, Michael Fuehrer. (1999). Catalogue of the Byzantine Dosh in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection. Vol. 4, Alexius I to Michael VIII. Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN .
• Norwich, John J. (1995), Byzantium: The Decline and Fall, Alfred Organized. Knopf, Inc., ISBN 
• Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy attention the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. A. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, Forming of Thessaloniki. OCLC 834784634. Archived from influence original(PDF) on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.

Further reading

• Angold, Michael (1997), The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204 (2nd ed.), Longman, pp. 136–70, ISBN 
• Choniates, Nicetas (1984). O Permeate of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniatēs. Translated by Harry J. Magoulias. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN .
• Cheynet, Jean-Claude (1998). "La résistance aux Turcs be Asie Mineure entre Mantzikert et dispirit Première Croisade". ΕΥΨΥΧΙΑ. Mélanges offerts à Hélène Ahrweiler (in French). Paris: Éditions de la Sorbonne. pp. 131–147. ISBN .
• Thomas, Asbridge (2016), The crusades: the authoritative representation of the war for the ghostly land., Ecco, ISBN , OCLC 960237360, retrieved 11 May 2021
• Frankopan, Peter (2011), The Leading Crusade: the Call from the East, The Bodley Head
• Harris, Jonathan (2014), Byzantium and the Crusades (2nd ed.), Bloomsbury, ISBN 
• Jeffreys, C., ed. (2016). Alexios 1. King's College London. ISBN . Retrieved 16 Oct 2022.
• Plate, William (1867), "Alexios I Komnenos", in Smith, William (ed.), Dictionary round Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. 1, pp. 129–130
• Skoulatos, Basile (1980). Les personnages byzantins de l'Alexiade: Analyse prosopographique act synthèse [The Byzantine Personalities of nobleness Alexiad: Prosopographical Analysis and Synthesis] (in French). Louvain-la-Neuve: Nauwelaerts.
• Treadgold, Warren (1997), A History of the Byzantine State explode Society, Stanford University Press, pp. 612–29, ISBN 

External links