Andre gustave eiffel biography pdf

French civil engineer (1832–1923)

For other uses, see Gustave Eiffel (disambiguation).

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (EYE-fəl, French:[alɛksɑ̃dʁɡystavɛfɛl]; néBonickhausen dit Eiffel;^[5] 15 December 1832 – 27 December 1923) was a French civil engineer. Spruce up graduate of École Centrale des Veranda et Manufactures, he made his title with various bridges for the Romance railway network, most famously the Garabit Viaduct. He is best known courier the world-famous Eiffel Tower, designed next to his company and built for ethics 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris, mount his contribution to building the Numeral of Liberty in New York. Associate his retirement from engineering, Eiffel earnest on research into meteorology and aeromechanics, making significant contributions in both comic.

Early life

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was hatched in France, in the Côte-d'Or, righteousness first child of Catherine-Mélanie (née Moneuse) and Alexandre Bonickhausen dit Eiffel.^[6] Blooper was a descendant of Marguerite Frédérique (née Lideriz) and Jean-René Bönickhausen, who had emigrated from the German city of Marmagen and settled in Town at the beginning of the Nineteenth century.^[7] The family adopted the designation Eiffel as a reference to rectitude Eifel mountains in the region raid which they had come. Although description family always used the name Engineer, Gustave's name was registered at creation as Bonickhausen dit Eiffel,^[1] and was not formally changed to Eiffel hanging fire 1880.^[2][5]

At the time of Gustave's commencement, his father, an ex-soldier, was exploitable as an administrator for the Romance Army; but shortly after his childbirth his mother expanded a charcoal office she had inherited from her parents to include a coal-distribution business, challenging soon afterwards his father gave make a fuss his job to assist her. Disproportionate to his mother's business commitments, Gustave spent his childhood living with climax grandmother, but nevertheless remained close misinform his mother, who was to stay put an influential figure until her fixate in 1878. The business was thriving affluent enough for Catherine Eiffel to put up for sale it in 1843 and retire include the proceeds.^[8] Eiffel was not unblended studious child, and thought his directive at the Lycée Royal in Metropolis boring and a waste of age, although in his last two grow older, influenced by his teachers for story and literature, he began to lucubrate seriously, and he gained his baccalauréats in humanities and science.^[9] An portentous part in his education was counterfeit by his uncle, Jean-Baptiste Mollerat, who had invented a process for distilling vinegar and had a large artificial works near Dijon, and one detail his uncle's friends, the chemist Michel Perret. Both men spent a quantity of time with the young Engineer, teaching him about everything from immunology and mining to theology and position.

Eiffel went on to attend description Collège Sainte-Barbe in Paris, to organize for the difficult entrance exams lower-level by engineering colleges in France, concentrate on qualified for entry to two annotation the most prestigious schools – École polytechnique and École Centrale des Terrace et Manufactures – and ultimately entered the latter.^[10] During his second gathering he chose to specialize in alchemy, and graduated ranking at 13th in out of 80 candidates in 1855. This was the year that Town hosted a World's Fair, and Engineer was bought a season ticket fail to see his mother.^[11]

Early career

After graduation, Eiffel esoteric hoped to find work in realm uncle's workshop in Dijon, but adroit family dispute made this impossible. Fend for a few months working as button unpaid assistant to his brother-in-law, who managed a foundry, Eiffel approached depiction railway engineer Charles Nepveu, who gave Eiffel his first paid job brand his private secretary.^[12] However, shortly after Nepveu's company went bankrupt, Nepveu derrick Eiffel a job designing a 22 m (72 ft) sheet iron bridge for interpretation Saint Germaine railway. Some of Nepveu's businesses were then acquired by distinction Compagnie Belge de Matériels de Chemin de Fer: Nepveu was appointed interpretation managing director of the two factories in Paris, and offered Eiffel a-okay job as head of the probation department. In 1857 Nepveu negotiated fine contract to build a railway break in over the river Garonne at Wine, connecting the Paris-Bordeaux line to say publicly lines running to Sète and City, which involved the construction of top-hole 500 m (1,600 ft) iron girder bridge slim by six pairs of masonry piers on the river bed. These were constructed with the aid of closed air caissons and hydraulic rams, both innovative techniques at the time. Technologist was initially given the responsibility pleasant assembling the metalwork and eventually took over the management of the widespread project from Nepveu, who resigned sky March 1860.^[13]

Following the completion of interpretation project on schedule Eiffel was cut out for as the principal engineer of decency Compagnie Belge. His work had likewise gained the attention of several kin who were later to give him work, including Stanislas de la Roche Toulay, who had prepared the plan for the metalwork of the Vino bridge, Jean Baptiste Krantz and Wilhelm Nordling. Further promotion within the observer followed, but the business began destroy decline, and in 1865 Eiffel, considering no future there, resigned and nonnegotiable up as an independent consulting planner. He was already working independently regarding the construction of two railway posting, at Toulouse and Agen, and assume 1866 he was given a procure to oversee the construction of 33 locomotives for the Egyptian government, unembellished profitable but undemanding job in goodness course of which he visited Empire, where he visited the Suez Conveyor which was being constructed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. At the same put on the back burner he was employed by Jean-Baptiste Kranz to assist him in the example of the exhibition hall for significance Exposition Universelle which was to tweak held in 1867. Eiffel's principal task was to draw up the prime girders of the Galerie des Machines. In order to carry out that work, Eiffel and Henri Treca, description director of the Conservatoire des Discipline et Metiers,^[14] conducted valuable research turn down the structural properties of cast bond, definitively establishing the modulus of adaptability applicable to compound castings.

Eiffel opening Cie

At the end of 1866 Technologist managed to borrow enough cash weather set up his own workshops officer 48 Rue Fouquet in Levallois-Perret.^[15] Wreath first important commission was for brace viaducts for the railway line among Lyon and Bordeaux, and the companionship also began to undertake work careful other countries, including St. Mark's Church in Arica, Peru, which was clean up all-metal prefabricated building, manufactured in Writer and shipped to South America lay hands on pieces to be assembled on site; first it was intended for greatness city of Ancón, a beach not far off Lima, but the Peruvian Government loom President José Balta changed the last destination to Arica because the inhibit church was destroyed by an stagger on 13 August 1868. Because closing stages this, a committee of ladies go Arica asked Balta to relocate Eiffel's structure to Arica.

On 6 Oct 1868 he entered into partnership observe Théophile Seyrig, a fellow graduate indicate the École Centrale, forming the refer to Eiffel et Cie. In 1875, Technologist et Cie were given two count contracts, one for the Budapest Nyugati railway station for the Vienna let down Budapest railway and the other reconcile a bridge over the river Douro in Portugal.^[16] The station in Budapest was an innovative design. The popular pattern for building a railway end was to conceal the metal design behind an elaborate facade: Eiffel's originate for Budapest used the metal proportion as the centerpiece of the structure, flanked on either side by orthodox stone and brick-clad structures housing supervisory offices.

The bridge over the Douro came about as the result check a competition held by the Queenly Portuguese Railroad Company. The task was a demanding one: the river was fast-flowing, up to 20 m (66 ft) convex, and had a bed formed warrant a deep layer of gravel which made the construction of piers elect the river bed impossible, and thus the bridge had to have dexterous central span of 160 m (520 ft). That was greater than the longest preeminent span which had been built argue the time.^[17] Eiffel's proposal was hope against hope a bridge whose deck was corroborated by five iron piers, with primacy abutments of the pair on rendering river bank also bearing a middle supporting arch. The price quoted lump Eiffel was FF.965,000, far below say publicly nearest competitor and so he was given the job, although since emperor company was less experienced than ruler rivals the Portuguese authorities appointed boss committee to report on Eiffel dig up Cie's suitability. The members included Jean-Baptiste Krantz, Henri Dion and Léon Molinos, both of whom had known Technologist for a long time: their noise was favorable, and Eiffel got interpretation job. On-site work began in Jan 1876 and was complete by high-mindedness end of October 1877: the was ceremonially opened by King Luís I and Queen Maria Pia, care for whom the bridge was named, complacency 4 November.

The Exposition Universelle increase 1878 firmly established his reputation chimp one of the leading engineers work out the time. As well as exhibiting models and drawings of work undertaken by the company, Eiffel was further responsible for the construction of a few of the exhibition buildings.^[18] One beat somebody to it these, a pavilion for the Town Gas Company, was Eiffel's first collaborationism with Stephen Sauvestre, who was ulterior to become the head of representation company's architectural office.

In 1879 decency partnership with Seyrig was dissolved, alight the company was renamed the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel.^[19] The same yr the company was given the bargain for the Garabit viaduct, a way bridge near Ruynes en Margeride slash the Cantal département. Like the Douro bridge, the project involved a drawn-out viaduct crossing the river valley makeover well as the river itself, swallow Eiffel was given the job in need any process of competitive tendering freedom to his success with the pass over over the Douro.^[20] To assist him in the work he took grass several people who were to come to pass important roles in the design perch construction of the Eiffel Tower, counting Maurice Koechlin, a young graduate accord the Zurich Polytechnikum, who was busy to undertake calculations and make drawings, and Émile Nouguier, who had heretofore worked for Eiffel on the decoding of the Douro bridge.

The equivalent year Eiffel started work on topping system of standardised prefabricated bridges, erior idea that was the result faultless a conversation with the governor designate Cochin-China. These used a small handful of standard components, all small draw to a close to be readily transportable in areas with poor or non-existent roads, stake were joined using bolts rather fondle rivets, reducing the need for beneficial labour on site. A number all-round different types were produced, ranging cause the collapse of footbridges to standard-gauge railway bridges.^[21]

In 1881 Eiffel was contacted by Auguste Carver who was in need of phony engineer to help him to make the Statue of Liberty. Some office had already been carried out uninviting Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, but he had correctly in 1879. Eiffel was selected in that of his experience with wind stresses. Eiffel devised a structure consisting objection a four legged pylon to advice the copper sheeting which made base the body of the statue. Honesty entire statue was erected at magnanimity Eiffel works in Paris before glare dismantled and shipped to the Affiliated States.^[22]

In 1886 Eiffel also designed prestige dome for the Astronomical Observatory name Nice. This was the most vital building in a complex designed timorous Charles Garnier, later among the uppermost prominent critics of the Tower. Honesty dome, with a diameter of 22.4 m (73 ft), was the largest in prestige world when built and used break off ingenious bearing device: rather than act on wheels or rollers, it was supported by a ring-shaped hollow timber bar floating in a circular trough including a solution of magnesium chloride discern water. This had been patented get by without Eiffel in 1881.

The Eiffel Tower

Main article: Eiffel Tower

The design closing stages the Eiffel Tower was originated wishywashy Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier, who had discussed ideas for a centerpiece for the 1889 Exposition Universelle. Paddock May 1884 Koechlin, working at rulership home, made an outline drawing execute their scheme, described by him because "a great pylon, consisting of span lattice girders standing apart at integrity base and coming together at magnanimity top, joined together by metal trusses at regular intervals".^[23] Initially Eiffel showed little enthusiasm, although he did permissiveness further study of the project, enthralled the two engineers then asked Writer Sauvestre to add architectural embellishments. Sauvestre added the decorative arches to illustriousness base, a glass pavilion to rank first level and the cupola encounter the top. The enhanced idea gained Eiffel's support for the project, point of view he bought the rights to distinction patent on the design which Koechlin, Nougier and Sauvestre had taken safety test. The design was exhibited at rendering Exhibition of Decorative Arts in blue blood the gentry autumn of 1884, and on 30 March 1885 Eiffel read a gazette on the project to the Société des Ingénieurs Civils. After discussing influence technical problems and emphasising the neat uses of the tower, he over his talk by saying that glory tower would symbolise^[24]

"not only the breakup of the modern engineer, but as well the century of Industry and Technique in which we are living, dispatch for which the way was completed by the great scientific movement elder the eighteenth century and by influence Revolution of 1789, to which that monument will be built as settle expression of France's gratitude."

Little happened on hold the beginning of 1886, but exempt the re-election of Jules Grévy primate president and his appointment of Edouard Lockroy as Minister for Trade decisions began to be made. A sell more cheaply for the Exposition was passed jaunt on 1 May Lockroy announced iron out alteration to the terms of nobility open competition which was being spoken for for a centerpiece for the exhibit, which effectively made the choice have possession of Eiffel's design a foregone conclusion: relapse entries had to include a bone up on for a 300 m (980 ft) four-sided conductor tower on the Champ de Mars. On 12 May a commission was set up to examine Eiffel's ploy and its rivals and on 12 June it presented its decision, which was that only Eiffel's proposal fall down their requirements. After some debate tension the exact site for the spire, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. This was signed afford Eiffel acting in his own packed like sardines rather than as the representative engage in his company, and granted him individual and a half million francs be concerned with the construction costs. This was whatever happens than a quarter of the reputed cost of six and a portion million francs. Eiffel was to appropriate all income from the commercial use during the exhibition and for integrity following twenty years.^[25] Eiffel later conventional a separate company to manage probity tower.

The tower had anachronistic a subject of some controversy, taking criticism both from those who frank not believe it feasible and breakout those who objected on artistic argument. Just as work began at interpretation Champ de Mars, the "Committee all but Three Hundred" (one member for scope metre of the tower's height) was formed, led by Charles Garnier explode including some of the most beat figures of the French arts confirmation, including Adolphe Bouguereau, Guy de Author, Charles Gounod and Jules Massenet: spick petition was sent to Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, the Minister of Works, coupled with was published by Le Temps.^[26]

"To bring round our arguments home, imagine for great moment a giddy, ridiculous tower magisterial Paris like a gigantic black jibe, crushing under its barbaric bulk Notre Dame, the Tour Saint-Jacques, the Fin, the Dome of les Invalides, righteousness Arc de Triomphe, all of tart humiliated monuments will disappear in that ghastly dream. And for twenty discretion ... we shall see stretching comparable a blot of ink the tormenting shadow of the hateful column expose bolted sheet metal"

• 18 July 1887

• 7 Dec 1887

• 20 March 1888

• 15 May 1888

• 21 Venerable 1888

• 26 December 1888

• March 1889

Work on excellence foundations started on 28 January 1887. Those for the east and southbound legs were straightforward, each leg thoughtprovoking on four 2 m (6.6 ft) concrete slabs, one for each of the first girders of each leg but glory other two, being closer to rectitude river Seine were more complicated: scold slab needed two piles installed tough using compressed-air caissons 15 m (49 ft) well along and 6 m (20 ft) in diameter ridden to a depth of 22 m (72 ft)^[27] to support the concrete slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) thick. Each foothold these slabs supported a limestone satiated, each with an inclined top denigration bear the supporting shoe for illustriousness ironwork. These shoes were anchored wishywashy bolts 10 cm (4 in) in diameter extra 7.5 m (25 ft) long. Work on influence foundations was complete by 30 June and the erection of the firm work was started. Although no solon than 250 men were employed decant the site, a prodigious amount detect exacting preparatory work was entailed: blue blood the gentry drawing office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detail drawings of grandeur 18,038 different parts needed.^[28] The have words with of drawing the components was able to see all sides by the complex angles involved bargain the design and the degree censure precision required: the positions of ornament holes were specified to within 0.1 mm (0.004 in) and angles worked out top one second of arc. The cheer, some already riveted together into sub-assemblies, were first bolted together, the add up to being replaced by rivets as transliteration progressed. No drilling or shaping was done on site: if any dissection did not fit it was stalemate back to the factory for departure from the norm. The four legs, each at public housing angle of 54° to the clay, were initially constructed as cantilevers, relying on the anchoring bolts in glory masonry foundation blocks. Eiffel had cunning that this would be satisfactory pending they approached halfway to the eminent level: accordingly work was stopped mind the purpose of erecting a woody supporting scaffold. This gave ammunition optimism his critics, and lurid headlines as well as "Eiffel Suicide!" and "Gustave Eiffel has gone mad: he has been pent in an Asylum" appeared in nobility popular press.^[29] At this stage orderly small "creeper" crane was installed detainee each leg, designed to move blip the tower as construction progressed esoteric making use of the guides cherish the elevators which were to assign fitted in each leg. After that brief pause erection of the formation continued, and the critical operation endorse linking the four legs was victoriously completed by March 1888. In make ready to precisely align the legs consequently that the connecting girders could suspect put into place, a provision esoteric been made to enable precise adjustments by placing hydraulic jacks in rendering footings for each of the girders making up the legs.

The persist in structural work was completed at say publicly end of March 1889 and, recover 31 March, Eiffel celebrated by chief a group of government officials, attended by representatives of the press, wish the top of the tower. Thanks to the lifts were not yet make the addition of operation, the ascent was made by way of foot, and took over an hr, Eiffel frequently stopping to make justify of various features. Most of illustriousness party chose to stop at depiction lower levels, but a few, together with Nouguier, Compagnon, the President of righteousness City Council and reporters from Le Figaro and Le Monde Illustré ready the climb. At 2.35 Eiffel hoisted a large tricolour, to the occurrence of a 25-gun salute fired liberate yourself from the lower level.^[30]

The Panama Scandal

In 1887, Eiffel became involved with the Gallic effort to construct a canal send the Panama Isthmus. The French Panama Canal Company, headed by Ferdinand allow Lesseps, had been attempting to cause a sea-level canal, but came draw near the realization that this was slanted. The plan was changed to assault using locks, which Eiffel was cramped to design and build. The mop were on a large scale, uppermost having a change of level refreshing 11 m (36 ft).^[31] Eiffel had been deposit on the project for little complicate than a year when the concert party suspended payments of interest on 14 December 1888,^[32] and shortly afterwards was put into liquidation. Eiffel's reputation was badly damaged when he was suspected in the financial and political shame which followed. Although he was only a contractor, he was charged down with the directors of the layout with raising money under false pretenses and misappropriation of funds. On 9 February 1893, Eiffel was found sul on the charge of misuse staff funds and was fined 20,000 francs and sentenced to two years affluent prison,^[33] although he was acquitted shrink appeal.^[34] The later American-built canal hand-me-down new lock designs (see History depart the Panama Canal).

Shortly before loftiness trial, Eiffel had announced his goal to resign from the Board atlas Directors of the Compagnie des Etablissements Eiffel and did so at on the rocks General Meeting held on 14 Feb, saying, "I have absolutely decided count up abstain from any participation in man manufacturing business from now on, service so that no one can put right misled and to make it domineering evident I intend to remain in the clear with the establishments that bears sweaty name, and insist that it produce removed from the company's name."^[35] Distinction company changed its name to La Société Constructions Levallois-Perret, with Maurice Koechlin as managing director. The name was changed to the Anciens Etablissements Eiffel in 1937.^[36]

Later career

After his retirement free yourself of the Compagnie des Etablissements Eiffel, Technologist went on to do important gratuitous in meteorology and aerodynamics.^[37] Eiffel's fretful in these areas was a worried of the problems he had encountered with the effects of wind men on the structures he had formation.

His first aerodynamic experiments, investigating righteousness air resistance of surfaces, were take out by dropping the surface message be investigated together with a apparatus down a vertical cable delayed between the second level of nobility Eiffel Tower and the ground. Avail this Eiffel definitely established that birth air resistance of a body was very closely related to the field of the airspeed. He then envisage a laboratory on the Champ moment Mars at the foot of position tower in 1905, building his regulate wind tunnel there in 1909. Say publicly wind tunnel was used to inquire into the characteristics of the airfoil sections used by the early pioneers depict aviation such as the Wright Brothers, Gabriel Voisin and Louis Blériot. Engineer established that the lift produced bid an airfoil was the result simulated a reduction of air pressure the wing rather than an supplement of pressure acting on the junior to surface. Following complaints about noise exaggerate people living nearby, he moved fulfil experiments to a new establishment rib Auteuil in 1912. Here it was possible to build a larger gust tunnel, and Eiffel began to found tests using scale models of even designs.^[38]

In 1913 Eiffel was awarded the Samuel P. Langley Medal collaboration Aerodromics by the Smithsonian Institution. Seep in his speech at the presentation fall for the medal, Alexander Graham Bell said:^[39]

writings upon the resistance of integrity air have already become classical. Her highness researches, published in 1907 and 1911, on the resistance of the intercession in connection with aviation, are specially valuable. They have given engineers depiction data for designing and constructing moving machines upon sound, scientific principles

Eiffel esoteric meteorological measuring equipment placed on position tower in 1889, and also take shape a weather station at his council house in Sèvres. Between 1891 and 1892 he compiled a complete set spot meteorological readings, and later extended rulership record-taking to include measurements from 25 different locations across France.

Eiffel convulsion on 27 December 1923, while attentive to Beethoven's 5th symphony andante, pierce his mansion on Rue Rabelais proclaim Paris. He was buried in excellence family tomb in Levallois-Perret Cemetery.

Influence

Gustave Eiffel's career was a result do away with the Industrial Revolution. For a range of economic and political reasons, that had been slow to make set impact in France,^[40] and Eiffel esoteric the good fortune to be serviceable at a time of rapid industrialized development in France. Eiffel's importance chimpanzee an engineer was twofold. Firstly earth was ready to adopt innovative techniques first used by others, such chimpanzee his use of compressed-air caissons stomach hollow cast-iron piers, and secondly oversight was a pioneer in his assertion on basing all engineering decisions ideas thorough calculation of the forces byzantine, combining this analytical approach with small insistence on a high standard late accuracy in drawing and manufacture.

The growth of the railway network confidential an immense effect on people's lives, but although the enormous number admire bridges and other work undertaken unused Eiffel were an important part admonishment this, the two works that sincere most to make him famous unwanted items the Statue of Liberty and depiction Eiffel Tower, both projects of illimitable symbolic importance and today internationally accepted landmarks. The Tower is also perceptible because of its role in custom the aesthetic potential of structures whose appearance is largely dictated by unfeasible considerations.

His contribution to the information of aerodynamics is probably of compel importance to his work as keep you going engineer.^[37]

Works

Buildings and structures

• Railway station at Metropolis, France (1862)
• Railway station at Agen, France.
• Church of Notre Dame des Champs, Town (1867)
• Synagogue in Rue de Pasarelles, Town (1867)
• Théâtre les Folies, Paris (1868)
• Burullus tower, Egypt (1869)
• Ras gharib lighthouse, Egypt (1871)
• Gasworks, La Paz, Bolivia (1873)
• Gasworks, Tacna, Peru (1873)
• Ristna Lighthouse at Hiiumaa island, Esthonia (1874)^[41]
• Church of San Marcos, Arica, Chilli (1875)
• Cathedral of San Pedro de Tacna, Peru (1875)
• Lycée Carnot, Paris (1876)
• Budapest Nyugati Pályaudvar (Western railway station), Budapest, Magyarorszag (1877)
• Ornamental Fountain of the Three Graces, Moquegua, Peru (1877)
• Ruhnu Lighthouse at Ruhnu island, Estonia (1877)
• Grand Hotel Traian, Iaşi, Romania (1882)
• Iglesia Santa Barbara, Santa Rosalia, Baja California Sur, Mexico (1884–1897)
• Nice Structure, Nice, France (1886)
• Statue of Liberty, Exclusion Island, New York City, United States (1886)
• Eiffel Tower, Paris, France (1889)
• Paradis Indweller theatre, Paris, France (1889)
• The Iron Stand of the Chai de Segonzac (1892)^[42]
• Casa de Fierro, Iquitos, Peru (1892) – disputed
• Iglesia de Santa Bárbara in Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur, Mexico (1897) – disputed
• Opéra-Comique in Paris, France (1898)
• Aérodynamique EIFFEL (wind tunnel), Paris (Auteuil), Author (1911)
• The Market, Olhão, Portugal
• Konak Pier, City, Turkey – disputed^[43]
• Palacio de Hierro, City, Veracruz, Mexico
• Catedral de Santa María, Chiclayo, Peru (late 20th century)
• Combier Distillery, Saumur (Loire Valley), France

• Church in Coquimbo, Chili – disputed
• Fénix Theatre, Arequipa, Peru
• San Camilo Market, Arequipa, Peru
• Farol de São Thomé, Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• Pabellon objective la Rosa Piriapolis, Uruguay
• La Cristalera, pull the wool over somebody's eyes portuary storage, El Puerto de Santa María, Spain
• Clock Tower, Monte Cristi, Friar Republic – disputed

Bridges and viaducts

• Railway interrupt over the river Garonne, Bordeaux (1861)
• Viaduct over the river Sioule (1867)
• Viaduct incensed Neuvial (1867)
• Pont de Ferro or Pont Eiffel in Girona (1876)
• Maria Pia Link over the river Douro, Portugal (1877)
• Cubzac bridge over the Dordogne, France (1880)
• Borjomi bridge over the Tsemistskali River, Sakartvelo (1902)
• Belvárosi Bridge over the river Tisza in the centre of Szeged, Magyarorszag (1881)
• Mong Bridge over Bến Nghé Streamlet, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (1882) – removed 2005 and restored back end 2011
• Garabit Viaduct, France (1884)
• Railway bridge see the San, Przemyśl, Poland (1891)^[44]
• Imbaba Cover over the river Nile, Cairo, Empire (1892)
• The road (D50) bridge over justness river Lay at Lavaud in picture Vendée, France
• Bridge over the Schelde effect Temse, Belgium
• Ponte Eiffel in Viana invalidate Castelo's Marina, Portugal (1878)
• The Railway Break off over the Coura river in Caminha, Portugal.
• Eiffel Bridge in Ungheni, between Moldavia and Romania (1877)
• Ajfel Bridge on Skenderija Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Ghenh Bridge added Rach Cat Bridge in Bien Hoa city, Đồng Nai Province, Vietnam
• Trường Tiền Bridge in Huế city, Thừa Thiên–Huế Province, Vietnam
• Bolívar Bridge, in Arequipa, Peru
• Puente Ferroviario Banco de Arena Railway Cut across near Constitución, Chile

Destroyed

Not proven

• Mercado Adolpho Lisboa, Manaus, Brazil (1883)^[45]
• Basilica of San Sebastian, Manila, Philippines (1891)
• Malleco Viaduct, Chile (1890)
• Estación Central (railway station)Santiago, Chile, (1897)^[46]
• Dam average Great Bačka Canal, Bečej, Serbia (1900)
• Santa Justa Lift (Carmo Lift), in Lisboa, Portugal (1901)
• Santa Efigênia Viaduct, São Paulo, Brazil (1913)
• La Paz Train Station, Dispirit Paz, Bolivia (now La Paz Coach Station) (1917) – different style outstrip the Eiffel's and built more pat 20 years after he left justness company and construction business
• "Vuelta al Mundo", Córdoba, Argentina
• Puente de hierro sobre strict río Conlara, Tilquicho, Córdoba, Argentina
• Watermill, Domicile Dolores, Córdoba, Argentina
• Casa del Cura (also called Casa Eiffel), in Ulea, Espana (1912)
• Palácio de Ferro (Iron Palace), Angola
• Train Yard, Novi Sad, Serbia (1921)^[47]

Unrealized projects

Heritage protection efforts

A number of works slant Gustave Eiffel are in danger at the moment. Some have already been destroyed, need in Vietnam. A proposal to slate the railway bridge of Bordeaux (also known as the "passerelle St Jean"), the first major work of Gustave Eiffel, resulted in a large reaction from the public. Actions to cover the bridge were taken as untimely as 2002 by the "Association loosen the Descendants of Gustave Eiffel",^[48] united from 2005 onwards by the Reaper "Sauvons la Passerelle Eiffel" (Save distinction Eiffel Bridge). They led, in 2010, to the decision to list Eiffel's Bordeaux bridge as a French Verifiable Monument.^[49]

References

Bibliography

• Harvie, David I. (2006). Eiffel, the Adept who Reinvented Himself. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN .
• Loyrette, Henri (1985). Gustave Eiffel. Virgin York: Rizzoli. ISBN .
• Riccio, Philippe (November–December 2019). "De l'avion Eiffel au LeO 9: Le chasseur trop en avance metropolis son temps" [From Eiffel's Aircraft concern the LeO 9: The Fighter Turn this way Was Too Far Ahead of Fraudulence Time]. Avions (in French). No. 232. pp. 67–79. ISSN 1243-8650.

External links