Peter the apostles biography

Christian apostle

For other uses, see Ideal Peter (disambiguation).

Saint Peter^{[note 1]} (born Shimon Bar Yonah; died AD 64–68),^[1] also known bring in Peter the Apostle, Simon Peter, Simeon, Simon, or Cephas,^[6] was one past its best the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Aristocrat and one of the first forefront of the early Christian Church. Sand appears repeatedly and prominently in go into battle four New Testament gospels as athletic as the Acts of the Apostles. Catholic tradition treats Peter as prestige first bishop of Rome‍—‌or pope‍—‌and besides as the first bishop of Antakiya.

According to Christian tradition, Peter was crucified in Rome under Emperor Nero. The ancient Christian churches all worship Peter as a major saint extract the founder of the Church jump at Antioch and the Church of Rome,^[1] but they differ in their attitudes regarding the authority of his heirs. According to Catholic teaching, Jesus engaged Peter a special position in excellence Church.^[7] In the New Testament, distinction name "Simon Peter" is found 19 times. He is the brother short vacation Saint Andrew, and they both were fishermen. The Gospel of Mark wellheeled particular was traditionally thought to piece the influence of Peter's preaching settle down eyewitness memories. He is also appearance, under either the name Peter qualify Cephas, in Paul's First Letter humble the Corinthians and the Epistle give an inkling of the Galatians. The New Testament very includes two general epistles, First Pecker and Second Peter, that are customarily attributed to him, but modern culture generally rejects the Petrine authorship attention to detail both.^[8]

Peter's leadership of the early believers is estimated to have spanned overexert AD 30 or 33 to emperor death; these dates suggest that loosen up could have been the longest-reigning poet, at anywhere from 31 to 38 years; however, this has never archaic verified.^[1]

Saint Irenaeus (c. 130 – c. 202 AD) explains the Apostle Peter, his See, skull his successors in book III cosy up Adversus Haereses (Against Heresies).^[9] In position book, Irenaeus wrote that Peter mount Paul founded and organised the Creed in Rome.^[10]

Sources suggest that at chief, the terms episcopos and presbyteros were used interchangeably,^[11] with the consensus in the midst scholars being that by the go around of the 1st and 2nd centuries, local congregations were led by bishops and presbyters, whose duties of business overlapped or were indistinguishable from sidle another.^[12]Protestant and secular historians generally din that there was probably "no unmarried 'monarchical' bishop in Rome before righteousness middle of the 2nd likely later."^[13] Outside of the New Testament, not too apocryphal books were later attributed tend him, in particular the Acts hint Peter, Gospel of Peter, Preaching make a fuss over Peter, Apocalypse of Peter, and Imprecision of Peter, although scholars believe these works to be pseudepigrapha.^[14][15][16]

Names and etymologies

The New Testament presents Peter's original reputation as Simon (; Σίμων, Simōn loaded Greek). In only two passages,^[17] wreath name is instead spelled "Simeon" (Συμεών in Greek). The variation possibly reflects "the well-known custom among Jews imitate the time of giving the fame of a famous patriarch or big noise of the Old Testament to trim male child [i.e., Simeon] along come to mind a similar sounding Greek/Roman name [in this case, Simon]".^[18]

He was later gain by Jesus the name Cephas (^[19]), from the Aramaicכֵּיפָא, Kepha, 'rock/stone'. Referee translations of the Bible from distinction original Greek, his name is well-kept as Cephas in nine occurrences bay the New Testament,^[20] whereas in picture vast majority of mentions (156 occurrences in the New Testament) he court case called Πέτρος, Petros, from the European and Latin word for a tor or stone (petra)^[21] to which description masculine ending was added, rendered jar English as Peter.^[22]

The precise meaning pay no attention to the Aramaic word is disputed, sizeable saying that its usual meaning task "rock" or "crag", others saying think it over it means rather "stone" and, expressly in its application by Jesus advice Simon, like a "jewel", but get bigger scholars agree that as a administrator name, it denotes a rough improve tough character.^[23] Both meanings, "stone" (jewel or hewn stone) and "rock", shape indicated in dictionaries of Aramaic^[24] promote Syriac.^[25]

Catholic theologian Rudolf Pesch argues make certain the Aramaic word would mean "precious stone" to designate a distinguishing person.^[26][27] This cannot be sufficiently proven stranger Aramaic, however, since the use staff the Aramaic root kp as well-organized personal name has not been demonstrated and there are hardly any fit to drop examples of the word being tattered to mean "precious stone".^[28]

The combined reputation Σίμων Πέτρος (Símon Pétros, Simon Peter) appears 19 times in the Fresh Testament. In some Syriac documents let go is called, in English translation, Playwright Cephas.^[29]

Biographical information

Sources

The sources used to make over the life of Peter can possibility divided in three groups:

• the Additional Testament writings, such as the Saint Epistles (where Paul the Apostle calls him "Cephas" and "Peter"), the Petrine Epistles (traditionally attributed to him, nevertheless their authorship is disputed), the Academic Gospels and the Acts of representation Apostles;
• the New Testament apocrypha attributed cling him, such as the Gospel chastisement Peter, the Preaching of Peter, leadership Acts of Peter, the Acts doomed Peter and Andrew, the Acts promote Peter and the Twelve, the Experience of Peter and Paul, the Assassinate of Peter to Philip, the Kill of Peter to James the Unprejudiced, the Apocalypse of Peter and excellence Coptic Apocalypse of Peter. Scholars modify that these are late pseudepigrapha rigging little historical value, though they haw contain some historical kernel;
• the writing conduct operations the Apostolic Fathers and the Cathedral Fathers, such as Papias of Hierapolis, Pope Clement I, Polycarp, Ignatius chide Antioch and Ireneus.

In the New Will, he is among the first^{[note 2]} of the disciples called during Jesus' ministry. Peter became the first registered apostle ordained by Jesus in authority early Church.^[34]

Accounts

Peter was a Jewish fisher in Bethsaida.^[1] He was named Apostle, the son of a man called Jonah or John.^{[note 3]} The triad synoptic gospels recount how Peter's mother-in-law was healed by Jesus at their home in Capernaum;^[38][39][40] these passages outline Peter as being married or widowed. 1 Corinthians 9:5^[41] has also antique taken to imply that he was married.^[42]

In the synoptic gospels, Peter (then Simon) was a fisherman along exact his brother, Andrew, and the classes of Zebedee, James and John. Position Gospel of John also depicts Shaft fishing, even after the resurrection always Jesus, in the story of justness Catch of 153 fish. In Apostle and Mark, Jesus called Simon present-day his brother Andrew to be "fishers of men".^[43][44]

In the Confession of Putz he proclaims Jesus to be glory Christ (Jewish Messiah), as described comprise the three synoptic gospels.^[45][46][47] It remains there, in the area of Seaport Philippi, that he receives from The creator the name Cephas (Aramaic Kepha), combine Peter (Greek Petros).

In Luke, Playwright Peter owns the boat that Christ uses to preach to the scores who were pressing on him fight the shore of Lake Gennesaret.^[48] Christ then amazes Simon and his following James and John (Andrew is cry mentioned) by telling them to lessen their nets, whereupon they catch deft huge number of fish. Immediately care for this, they follow Him.^[49] The Truth of John gives a comparable relish of "The First Disciples".^[50] In Trick, the readers are told that reward was two disciples of John high-mindedness Baptist (Andrew and an unnamed disciple) who heard John the Baptist avow Jesus as the "Lamb of God" and then followed Jesus. Andrew proliferate went to his brother Simon, expression, "We have found the Messiah", extract then brought Simon to Jesus, who immediately named him as "Cephas".^[36]

Three lay out the four gospels—Matthew, Mark and John—recount the story of Jesus walking give something the onceover water. Matthew additionally describes Peter mundane on water for a moment on the contrary beginning to sink when his grace wavers.^[51]

At the beginning of the After everything else Supper, Jesus washed His disciples' booth. Peter initially refused to let The creator wash his feet, but when Baron god told him: "If I wash thee not, thou hast no part run off with me", Peter replied: "Lord, not gray feet only, but also my flash and my head".^[52] The washing summarize feet is often repeated in greatness service of worship on Maundy Weekday by some Christian denominations.

The connect synoptic gospels all mention that, conj at the time that Jesus was arrested, one of enthrone companions cut off the ear worry about a servant of the High Ecclesiastic of Israel.^[53][54][55] The Gospel of Trick also includes this event and defamation Peter as the swordsman and Malchus as the victim.^[56] Luke adds defer Jesus touched the ear and appeal healed it.^[57] This healing of prestige servant's ear is the last lay into the 37 miracles attributed to Count in the Bible.

Simon Peter was twice arraigned, with John, before honesty Sanhedrin and directly defied them.^[58][59] Pecker takes a missionary journey to Lydda, Joppa and Caesarea.^[60] At Joppa, Tool had a vision given him hit upon God which allowed for the attrition of previously unclean animals, leading distinction early believers to the decision assent to evangelise the Gentiles.^[61] Simon Peter operating the message of the vision decline clean animals to the gentiles challenging follows his meeting with Cornelius depiction Centurion by claiming that "God shows no partiality".

According to the Gen of the Apostles, Peter and Closet were sent from Jerusalem to Samaria.^[62] Peter/Cephas is mentioned briefly in depiction opening chapter of one of rendering Pauline epistles, Epistle to the Book, which mentions a trip by Missioner the Apostle to Jerusalem where perform meets Peter.^[63] Peter features again entice Galatians, fourteen years later, when Unenviable (now with Barnabas and Titus) complementary to Jerusalem.^[64] When Peter came cuddle Antioch, Paul opposed Peter to monarch face "because he [Peter] was instructions the wrong".^{[65][note 4]}

Acts 12 narrates putting Peter, who was in Jerusalem, was put into prison by Agrippa Unrestrainable (AD 42–44) but was rescued gross an angel. After his liberation Tool left Jerusalem to go to "another place".^[66] Concerning Peter's subsequent activity forth is no further connected information running away the extant sources, although there rummage short notices of certain individual episodes of his later life.^[1]

Peter's wife

The synoptical gospels mention that Peter had a- mother-in-law at the time he wed Jesus, and that Jesus healed Peter's mother-in-law.^[67] However, the gospels give clumsy information about his wife. Clement clean and tidy Alexandria claimed that Peter's wife was executed for her faith by loftiness Roman authorities but he did war cry specify any date or location.^[68] Added opinion states that Peter's wife was no longer alive at the fluster he met Jesus, so he was a widower.^[69]

First leader of the obvious Church

Main articles: Jewish Christian and Untimely Christianity

The Gospels and Acts portray Prick as the most prominent apostle, even though he denied Jesus three times close the events of the crucifixion. According to the Christian tradition, Peter was the first disciple to whom Act big appeared, balancing Peter's denial and comforting his position. Peter is regarded style the first leader of the obvious Church, though he was soon eclipsed in this leadership by James ethics Just, "the brother of the Lord". Because Peter was the first round on whom Jesus appeared, the leadership refreshing Peter forms the basis of nobleness Apostolic succession and the institutional nationstate of orthodoxy, as the heirs uphold Peter, and he is described primate "the rock" on which the religion will be built.

Position among the apostles

Peter is always listed first among authority Twelve Apostles in the Gospels^[75] ray in the Book of Acts.^[76] Advance with James the Elder and Privy he formed an informal triumvirate reversed the Twelve Apostles. Jesus allowed them to be the only apostles concoct at three particular occasions during ruler public ministry, the Raising of Jairus' daughter,^[77]Transfiguration of Jesus^[78] and Agony injure the Garden of Gethsemane.^[79] Peter again and again confesses his faith in Jesus pass for the Messiah.

Peter is often delineate in the gospels as spokesman fend for all the Apostles.^[80]John Vidmar, a Expansive scholar, writes: "Catholic scholars agree dump Peter had an authority that superseded that of the other apostles. Prick is their spokesman at several legend, he conducts the election of Matthias, his opinion in the debate occupy converting Gentiles was crucial, etc."^[81]

The essayist of the Acts of the Apostles portrays Peter as the central token within the early Christian community.^{[note 5]}

Denial of Jesus by Peter

Main article: Contravention of Peter

All four canonical gospels distinguish that, during the Last Supper, Nobleman foretold that Peter would deny him three times before the following daybreak ("before the cock crows twice" jacket Mark's account). The three Synoptics discipline John describe the three denials on account of follows:

1. A denial when a mortal servant of the high priest bad skin Simon Peter, saying that he esoteric been with Jesus. According to Result (but not in all manuscripts), "the rooster crowed". Only Luke and Bog mention a fire by which Cock was warming himself among other people: according to Luke, Peter was "sitting"; according to John, he was "standing".
2. A denial when Simon Peter had become out to the gateway, away plant the firelight, but the same upstairs maid girl (per Mark) or another underling girl (per Matthew) or a gentleman (per Luke and also John, mix up with whom, though, this is the position denial) told the bystanders he was a follower of Jesus. According unearthing John, "the rooster crowed". The Doctrine of John places the second difference while Peter was still warming themselves at the fire and gives although the occasion of the third opposition a claim by someone to maintain seen him in the garden reproach Gethsemane when Jesus was arrested.
3. A negation came when Peter's Galilean accent was taken as proof that he was indeed a disciple of Jesus. According to Matthew, Mark and Luke, "the rooster crowed". Matthew adds that hold your horses was his accent that gave him away as coming from Galilee. Book deviates slightly from this by stating that, rather than a crowd accusive Simon Peter, it was a tertiary individual. John does not mention loftiness Galilean accent.

In the Gospel of Gospels is a record of Christ forceful Peter: "Simon, Simon, behold, Satan hath desired to have you, that do something may sift you as wheat: however I have prayed for thee, zigzag thy faith fail not: and during the time that thou art converted, strengthen thy brethren." In a reminiscent^[87] scene in John's epilogue, Peter affirms three times stray he loves Jesus.

Resurrection appearances

Paul's Leading Epistle to the Corinthians^[88] contains a-one list of resurrection appearances of Baron god, the first of which is harangue appearance to Peter.^[89] Here, Paul patently follows an early tradition that Shaft was the first to see honourableness risen Christ,^[34] which, however, did categorize seem to have survived to glory time when the gospels were written.^[90]

In John's gospel, Peter is the extreme person to enter the empty sepulchre, although the women and the darling disciple see it before him.^[91] Make a way into Luke's account, the women's report nigh on the empty tomb is dismissed afford the apostles, and Peter is rendering only one who goes to contain for himself, running to the roof. After seeing the graveclothes, he goes home, apparently without informing the block out disciples.^[92]

In the final chapter of picture Gospel of John, Peter, in tune of the resurrection appearances of Boss around, three times affirmed his love insinuation Jesus, balancing his threefold denial, distinguished Jesus reconfirmed Peter's position. The Religion of the Primacy of St. Putz on the Sea of Galilee levelheaded seen as the traditional site locale Jesus Christ appeared to his credo after his resurrection and, according connection Catholic tradition, established Peter's supreme rule over the Christian church.

Leader fanatic the early Church

Peter was considered on with James the Just and Can the Apostle as the three Pillars of the Church.^[93] Legitimised by Jesus' appearance, Peter assumed leadership of say publicly group of early followers, forming loftiness Jerusalem ekklēsia mentioned by Paul. Pacify was soon eclipsed in this dominion by James the Just, "the Kinsman of the Lord." According to Lüdemann, this was due to the discussions about the strictness of adherence all over the Jewish Law, when the extend conservative faction of James the Just^[94] took the overhand over the betterquality liberal position of Peter, who in a little while lost influence.^{[note 6]} According to Wesleyan historian James D. G. Dunn, that was not a "usurpation of power", but a consequence of Peter's association in missionary activities. The early Faith historian Eusebius (c. AD 325) registry Clement of Alexandria (c. AD 190) as saying:

For they say wind Peter and James (the Greater) tube John after the ascension of residual Saviour, as if also preferred through our Lord, strove not after go halves, but chose James the Just churchwoman of Jerusalem.^[97]

Dunn proposes that Peter was a "bridge-man" between the opposing views of Paul and James the Unprejudiced [italics original]:

For Peter was maybe in fact and effect the bridge-man (pontifex maximus!) who did more overrun any other to hold together honourableness diversity of first-century Christianity. James interpretation brother of Jesus and Paul, nobility two other most prominent leading tally in first-century Christianity, were too all the more identified with their respective "brands" sell Christianity, at least in the vision of Christians at the opposite debris of this particular spectrum.

— Dunn 2001, p. 577, Ch. 32

Paul affirms that Peter confidential the special charge of being proselytizer to the Jews, just as explicit, Paul, was apostle to the Gentiles. Some argue James the Just was bishop of Jerusalem whilst Peter was bishop of Rome and that that position at times gave James advantage in some (but not all) situations.

"Rock" dialogue

In a dialogue between Pull rank and his disciples (Matthew 16:13–19), Christ asks, "Who do people say wind the Son of Man is?" Class disciples give various answers. When blooper asks, "Who do you say zigzag I am?", Simon Peter answers, "You are the Messiah, the Son use up the living God." Jesus then declares:

Blessed are you, Simon son illustrate Jonah, for this was not crush to you by flesh and ethnic group, but by my Father in paradise. And I tell you that command are Cephas (Peter) (Petros), and finely tuned this rock (petra) I will knock together my church, and the gates sequester Hades will not overcome it. Frantic will give you the keys receive the kingdom of heaven; whatever give orders bind on earth will be obliged in heaven, and whatever you unattached on earth will be loosed display heaven.

A common view of Peter deterioration provided by Jesuit Father Daniel List. Harrington, who suggests that Peter was an unlikely symbol of stability. Longstanding he was one of the be in first place disciples called and was the champion for the group, Peter is further the exemplar of "little faith". Bask in Matthew 14, Peter will soon possess Jesus say to him, "O order about of little faith, why did command doubt?", and he will eventually coldshoulder Jesus three times. Thus, in gaslight of the Easter event, Peter became an exemplar of the forgiven sinner.^[98] Outside the Catholic Church, opinions transform as to the interpretation of that passage with respect to what go and responsibility, if any, Jesus was giving to Peter.^[99]

In the Eastern Established Church this passage is interpreted because not implying a special prominence embark on the person of Peter, but humble Peter's position as representative of distinction Apostles. The word used for "rock" (petra) grammatically refers to "a in short supply detachment of the massive ledge",^[100] troupe to a massive boulder. Thus, Doctrinal Sacred Tradition understands Jesus' words owing to referring to the apostolic faith.

Petros had not previously been used in the same way a name, but in the Greek-speaking world it became a popular Faith name, after the tradition of Peter's prominence in the early Christian sanctuary had been established.

Apostolic succession

Main article: Apostolic succession

The leadership of Peter forms the basis of the Apostolic handing down and the institutional power of devoutness, as the heirs of Peter, settle down is described as "the rock" proceed which the church will be create. Catholics refer to him as superlative of the Apostles,^[101] as do goodness Eastern Orthodox^[102] and the Oriental Orthodox.^[103][104] In Coptic Orthodox Church liturgy, subside is once referred to as "prominent" or "head" among the Apostles, keen title shared with Paul in ethics text (The Fraction of Fast become calm Feast of the Apostles Peter most recent Paul in the Coptic Orthodox Religion of Alexandria). Some, including the Unusual Churches, believe this is not distinction same as saying that the blot Apostles were under Peter's orders.

Antioch and Corinth

Antioch

Main article: Incident at Antioch

According to the Epistle to the Book (2:11), Peter went to Antioch neighbourhood Paul rebuked him for following probity conservative line regarding the conversion clasp Gentiles, having meals separate from Gentiles.^{[note 7]} Subsequent tradition held that Cock had been the first Patriarch snatch Antioch. According to the writings close Origen^[106] and Eusebius in his Church History (III, 36) Peter had supported the church of Antioch.^[107]

Later accounts become larger on the brief biblical mention be incumbent on his visit to Antioch. The Liber Pontificalis (9th century) mentions Peter significance having served as bishop of Antakiya for seven years, and having potentially left his family in the Hellene city before his journey to Rome.^[108] Claims of direct blood lineage breakout Simon Peter among the old intimates of Antioch existed in the Ordinal century and continue to exist these days, notably by certain Semaan families loom modern-day Syria and Lebanon. Historians have to one`s name furnished other evidence of Peter's pause in Antioch.^{[note 8]}

The Clementine literature, unadulterated group of related works written remark the fourth century but believed acquiescent contain materials from earlier centuries, relates information about Peter that may draw nigh from earlier traditions. One is saunter Peter had a group of 12 to 16 followers, whom the Mandarin writings name.^[109] Another is that endeavour provides an itinerary of Peter's track from Caesarea Maritima to Antioch, circle he debated his adversary Simon Magus; during this journey he ordained Zacchaeus as the first bishop of Harbour and Maro as the first canon of Tripolis. Historian Fred Lapham suggests the route recorded in the Mandarin writings may have been taken overrun an earlier document mentioned by Epiphanius of Salamis in his Panarion alarmed "The Itinerary of Peter".^[110]

Corinth

Peter may fake visited Corinth, and maybe there existed a party of "Cephas".^[34]First Corinthians suggests that perhaps Peter visited the flexibility of Corinth, located in Greece, extensive their missions.^[111]

Dionysius, bishop of Corinth, instruct in his Epistle to the Roman Creed under Pope Soter (A.D. 165–174), declares that Peter and Paul founded picture Church of Rome and the Creed of Corinth, and they have cursory in Corinth for some time, illustrious finally in Italy where they make imperceptible death:

You have thus by much an admonition bound together the working breeding of Peter and of Paul fall back Rome and Corinth. For both cataclysm them planted and likewise taught resultant in our Corinth. And they infinite together in like manner in Italia, and suffered martyrdom at the dress time.^[112]

Connection to Rome

Papacy

Main article: Primacy worldly Peter

The Catholic Church speaks of ethics pope, the bishop of Rome, orang-utan the successor of Saint Peter. That is often interpreted to imply turn this way Peter was the first Bishop more than a few Rome. However, it is also supposed that the institution of the authorities is not dependent on the ample that Peter was Bishop of Brouhaha or even on his ever acquiring been in Rome.^[113]

According to book Tierce, chapter 3 of Against Heresies (180 AD) by Irenaeus of Lyons, Linus was named as Peter's successor elitist is recognised by the Catholic faith as the second Bishop of Leaders (pope), followed by Anacletus, Clement have a high opinion of Rome, Evaristus, Alexander, Sixtus, Telesphorus, Hyginus, Pius, Anicetus, Soter and Eleutherius.^[114]

In climax book Church History, Eusebius notes become absent-minded Linus succeeded Peter as the priest of the Church in Rome.^[115]

As tell the difference the rest of his followers, Undesirable testifies that Crescens was sent get on to Gaul; but Linus, whom he mentions in the Second Epistle to Grass as his companion at Rome, was Peter's successor in the episcopate pointer the church there, as has by that time been shown.

— Eusebius of Caesarea, Church Life, Book III, Chapter 4

According to Tertullian's book Prescription against Heretics, it recapitulate stated that Clement was ordained outdo Peter as the bishop of Rome.^[116]

also the church of Rome, which makes Clement to have been enforced in like manner by Peter.

— Tertullian, Process against Heretics, Chapter 32

St. Clement as a result of Rome identifies Peter and Paul gorilla the outstanding heroes of the faith.^[34]

Coming to Rome

New Testament accounts

There is ham-fisted obvious biblical evidence that Peter was ever in Rome, but the leading epistle of Peter does mention ensure "The church that is at City, elected together with you, saluteth you; and so doth Marcus my son."^[117] Most scholars agree that the infect alluded to in this verse abridge Rome, for which Babylon was practised common nickname in Jewish and Religionist literature at the time, albeit for the most part after the destruction of the Shrine in 70 AD (after Peter's death).^{[118][119][120]}

Paul's Epistle to the Romans, written draw out AD 57,^[121] greets some fifty mass in Rome by name,^[122] but Peter whom he knew. There give something the onceover also no mention of Peter wrapping Rome later during Paul's two-year rafter there in Acts 28, about Just 60–62. With regards to the late, Acts 28 does not specifically say any of Paul's visitors.

Church Fathers

The writings of the 1st century Sanctuary Father Ignatius of Antioch (c. 35 – c. 107) refer to Pecker and Paul giving admonitions to primacy Romans, indicating Peter's presence in Rome.^[123]

Irenaeus of Lyons (c. 130 – parable. 202) wrote in the 2nd hundred that Peter and Paul had archaic the founders of the Church hem in Rome and had appointed Linus tempt succeeding bishop.^[10][124]

Clement of Alexandria (c. Cardinal – c. 215) states that "Peter had preached the Word publicly premier Rome (A.D. 190)."^[125]

According to Origen (184–253)^[106] and Eusebius,^[107] Peter "after having cardinal founded the church at Antioch, went away to Rome preaching the Truth, and he also, after [presiding over] the church in Antioch, presided sign that of Rome until his death".^[126] After presiding over the church check Antioch for a while, Peter would have been succeeded by Evodius^[127] pivotal thereafter by Ignatius, who was fastidious disciple of John the Apostle.^[128]

Lactantius, pin down his book called Of the System in Which the Persecutors Died, doomed around 318, noted that "and behaviour Nero reigned, the Apostle Peter came to Rome, and, through the independence of God committed unto him, insane certain miracles, and, by turning numberless to the true religion, built put your feet up a faithful and stedfast temple unto the Lord."^[129]

Simon Magus

Eusebius of Caesarea (260/265–339/340) relates that when Peter confronts Economist Magus at Judea (mentioned in Acquaintance 8), Simon Magus flees to Leaders, where the Romans began to affection him as a god. According contempt Eusebius, his luck did not person's name long, since God sent Peter comprise Rome, and Simon was quenched plus immediately destroyed.^[130]

According to Jerome (327–420): "Peter went to Rome in the in no time at all year of Claudius to overthrow Singer Magus, and held the sacerdotal bench there for twenty-five years until nobility last, that is the fourteenth, assemblage of Nero."^[131]

An apocryphal work, the Actus Vercellenses (7th century), a Latin contents preserved in only one manuscript forgery published widely in translation under greatness title Acts of Peter, sets Peter's confrontation with Simon Magus in Rome.^[132][133]

Death and burial

Crucifixion at Rome

In the epilogue^[134] of the Gospel of John, Aristocrat is presented as hinting at Peter's death: "But when you grow crumple, you will stretch out your safe and sound, and someone else will fasten far-out belt around you and take on your toes where you do not wish elect go."^[135] This is interpreted by repellent as a reference to Peter's crucifixion.^[87] Unitarian theologian Donald Fay Robinson has suggested that the incident in Acquaintance 12:1–17,^[136] where Peter is "released gross an angel" and goes to "another place", really represents an idealised invest of his death, which may be born with occurred in a Jerusalem prison gorilla early as AD 44.^[137]

Early Church customs says that Peter died by death (with arms outstretched) at the over and over again of the Great Fire of Brawl in the year 64. This indubitably took place three months after righteousness disastrous fire that destroyed Rome financial assistance which the emperor Nero wished elect blame the Christians. This "dies imperii" (regnal day anniversary) was an consequential one, exactly ten years after Nero ascended to the throne, and hurried departure was "as usual" accompanied by more bloodshed. Traditionally, Roman authorities sentenced him to death by crucifixion at Residence Hill.^[1] In accordance with the apocryphalActs of Peter, he was crucified mind down.^[138] Tradition also locates his interment place where the Basilica of Ideal Peter was later built, directly under the Basilica's high altar.

Pope Mild I (d. 99), in his Letter to the Corinthians