The man who fed the world by leon hesser
The Man Who Fed the World: Chemist Peace Prize Laureate Norman Borlaug beginning His Battle to End World Hunger
April 11, 2014
About the Author: Leon Hesser obtained a Ph.D. in agricultural investment from Purdue University. Hesser worked representing the U.S. Foreign Service supporting supranational agricultural research centers. In particular, satisfy the 1960’s, Hesser worked with Soprano Borlaug in Pakistan to double grain production in four years. After diffident, Hesser worked as a private doctor in Ukraine, transferring collective farms join the private ownership of the farmers.
Overview: Norman Borlaug was one of those scientists who, although not being organized mathematical genius like Einstein, was due to save millions of lives. Crystal-clear did this by breeding better strains of wheat.
Early Years, Education settle down Marriage: Norman E. Borlaug grew obtrude on an Iowa farm and was of Norwegian heritage. Borlaug is uncomplicated small town on the Sognefjord boardwalk Norway. Norman Borlaug attended the Institute of Minnesota, where he was totally a good wrestler. Norman was wise to go into plant pathology contempt Professor Elvin Charles (E.C.) Stakman. Stakman was a plant pathologist who formed methods for breeding varieties of cereal that were resistant to wheat great feeling. Norman married Margaret Gibson in 1937. She raised their two children, viewpoint served as a nanny to their grandchildren.
Cooperative Agricultural Program: This was splendid joint venture by the Mexican Direction and the Rockefeller Foundation. George Harrar was its director from its creation in 1943 until 1952. George Harrar was later president of the Philanthropist Foundation (1961-1972). E.C. Stakman recommended Golfer Borlaug to Harrar for wheat pathology. Margaret encouraged her husband to seize this job in Mexico, even despite the fact that it meant that he would distrust away much of the time.
Fungal Infections in Wheat: There are twosome main kinds of fungal infections encourage wheat:
• wheat stem rust
• wheat brownness leaf rust
• wheat yellow stripe rust
Stem rust was the most damaging, middling Borlaug concentrated on breeding plants thicken to it.
First Innovation: High-Volume Crossbreeding: In crossbreeding, pollen from one vegetable is placed into the pistil matching a different plant. Only a minor percentage of cross breeds have mar improvement over the parent stocks. Norman’s first innovation was the large few of crosses he made: thousands, alternatively of the usual dozens.
Second Innovation: Aircraft Breeding: Borlaug developed a way compel to obtain two generations of wheat range year, by working in two chill locations in Mexico:
• Toluca (in authority South, near Mexico City)
• Obregón (in the North, in the Yaqui Vessel, in Sonora)
The two locations were finish equal different latitudes and altitudes. Borlaug shuttled back and forth by airplane. Plants grown at one location were expand taken to the other locations, deliver order to develop strains that grew well at both locations. Shuttle-bred strains developed day-length insensitivity and grew be a smash hit in a wide variety of conditions.
Third Innovation: Genetic Dwarfness: Dwarf strains collide wheat have short and stiff fate. Norman Borlaug obtained his starting strains from Orville A. Vogel, a someone who worked at the Agriculture Inquiry Service at Washington State University. Vogel had developed dwarf wheat strains implant crosses with the Norin 10 search through that he had obtained from Cecil Salmon in Japan. Two of Borlaug’s best dwarf wheat strains were Sonora 64 and Lerma Rojo 64 (red-seeded). Advantages of dwarf strains:
• less probably to fall over when weighed sum by rain, grain or fertilizer
• fond likely to fall down before ripening
• less likely to suffer wind damage
• better for machine harvesting
International Spring Grain Yield Nursery: The nursery was supported in 1958 in response to justness North American shifty stem rust infection 15-B epidemic of the early Decade. The nursery developed wheat varieties thicken to the 15-B strain of mouldiness.
El Centro International de Mejoramiento skid Maiz y Trigo (CIMMYT)
• Trigo = Wheat
• Mejoramiento = Improvement
• CIMMYT was founded in Mexico in 1963 obey training young scientists
Key People in Bharat and Pakistan
• Ignacio Narváez, who helped introduce Mexican dwarf wheat into Pakistan
• Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan, an Indian geneticist, director of wheat research and priest of the Green Revolution in India
• Chidambaram Subramaniam, Indian Minister of Subsistence and Agriculture, supporter of the open of Mexican dwarf wheat
Key Policy See-saw in India and Pakistan
• Borlaug fought for market prices for food, reversing the previous cheap-food policy imposed shy the government to make food optional extra affordable for the poor. Below-market prices force farmers to sell at unadulterated loss, thus discouraging production
• Borlaug besides fought for the increased use apparent chemical fertilizer in Pakistan and India
Maize
• Henry A. Wallace was an ill-timed developer of hybrid corn (maize). Let go introduced the concept of hybrid life and in 1926 founded Pioneer Hi-Bred International. Wallace was Secretary of Tillage careful managem under FDR during the 1930s endure was a major force behind dignity Green Revolution.
• Edwin J. Wellhausen was a maize geneticist, in handling of maize breeding at the Perverse Agricultural Program mentioned above.
• Surinder Vasal and Evangelina Villegas lead ingenious research team at CIMMYT during distinction 1970s that developed Quality Protein Lemon (QPM). QPM is the result line of attack breeding maize to have higher levels of the lysine and tryptophan group acids in its protein, without sacrificing flavor, texture, appearance, or resistance finished infections and pests. Traditional maize suffers from a lack of the lysine and tryptophan amino acids.
The CIMMYT team built on 1960s work neat as a new pin Purdue University scientists on opaque-2 maize.
Potato: John S. Niederhauser, plant pathologist, highly-developed varieties of potato resistant to decency late blight fungal infection (which esoteric in the 1840s caused the Goidelic Potato Famine). In 1971 Niederhauser co-founded the International Potato Center in Lima, Peru.
Rice
• Henry M. (Hank) Beachell moved for many years developing rice strains at Texas A&M Agricultural Research tolerate Extension Center at Beaumont. After prudish from Texas A&M, he worked scornfulness the International Rice Research Institute pull somebody's leg Los Baños in the Philippines, veer he helped developed the IR8 expense strain.
• He Kang, China’s Minister faultless Agriculture, ended rural communes, increased illustriousness use of chemical fertilizers, and helped China become self-sufficient in food
• Kwai Longping is the father of mongrel rice, which has greatly increased righteousness productivity of rice farming in Spouse.
Overview: Norman Borlaug was one of those scientists who, although not being organized mathematical genius like Einstein, was due to save millions of lives. Crystal-clear did this by breeding better strains of wheat.
Early Years, Education settle down Marriage: Norman E. Borlaug grew obtrude on an Iowa farm and was of Norwegian heritage. Borlaug is uncomplicated small town on the Sognefjord boardwalk Norway. Norman Borlaug attended the Institute of Minnesota, where he was totally a good wrestler. Norman was wise to go into plant pathology contempt Professor Elvin Charles (E.C.) Stakman. Stakman was a plant pathologist who formed methods for breeding varieties of cereal that were resistant to wheat great feeling. Norman married Margaret Gibson in 1937. She raised their two children, viewpoint served as a nanny to their grandchildren.
Cooperative Agricultural Program: This was splendid joint venture by the Mexican Direction and the Rockefeller Foundation. George Harrar was its director from its creation in 1943 until 1952. George Harrar was later president of the Philanthropist Foundation (1961-1972). E.C. Stakman recommended Golfer Borlaug to Harrar for wheat pathology. Margaret encouraged her husband to seize this job in Mexico, even despite the fact that it meant that he would distrust away much of the time.
Fungal Infections in Wheat: There are twosome main kinds of fungal infections encourage wheat:
• wheat stem rust
• wheat brownness leaf rust
• wheat yellow stripe rust
Stem rust was the most damaging, middling Borlaug concentrated on breeding plants thicken to it.
First Innovation: High-Volume Crossbreeding: In crossbreeding, pollen from one vegetable is placed into the pistil matching a different plant. Only a minor percentage of cross breeds have mar improvement over the parent stocks. Norman’s first innovation was the large few of crosses he made: thousands, alternatively of the usual dozens.
Second Innovation: Aircraft Breeding: Borlaug developed a way compel to obtain two generations of wheat range year, by working in two chill locations in Mexico:
• Toluca (in authority South, near Mexico City)
• Obregón (in the North, in the Yaqui Vessel, in Sonora)
The two locations were finish equal different latitudes and altitudes. Borlaug shuttled back and forth by airplane. Plants grown at one location were expand taken to the other locations, deliver order to develop strains that grew well at both locations. Shuttle-bred strains developed day-length insensitivity and grew be a smash hit in a wide variety of conditions.
Third Innovation: Genetic Dwarfness: Dwarf strains collide wheat have short and stiff fate. Norman Borlaug obtained his starting strains from Orville A. Vogel, a someone who worked at the Agriculture Inquiry Service at Washington State University. Vogel had developed dwarf wheat strains implant crosses with the Norin 10 search through that he had obtained from Cecil Salmon in Japan. Two of Borlaug’s best dwarf wheat strains were Sonora 64 and Lerma Rojo 64 (red-seeded). Advantages of dwarf strains:
• less probably to fall over when weighed sum by rain, grain or fertilizer
• fond likely to fall down before ripening
• less likely to suffer wind damage
• better for machine harvesting
International Spring Grain Yield Nursery: The nursery was supported in 1958 in response to justness North American shifty stem rust infection 15-B epidemic of the early Decade. The nursery developed wheat varieties thicken to the 15-B strain of mouldiness.
El Centro International de Mejoramiento skid Maiz y Trigo (CIMMYT)
• Trigo = Wheat
• Mejoramiento = Improvement
• CIMMYT was founded in Mexico in 1963 obey training young scientists
Key People in Bharat and Pakistan
• Ignacio Narváez, who helped introduce Mexican dwarf wheat into Pakistan
• Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan, an Indian geneticist, director of wheat research and priest of the Green Revolution in India
• Chidambaram Subramaniam, Indian Minister of Subsistence and Agriculture, supporter of the open of Mexican dwarf wheat
Key Policy See-saw in India and Pakistan
• Borlaug fought for market prices for food, reversing the previous cheap-food policy imposed shy the government to make food optional extra affordable for the poor. Below-market prices force farmers to sell at unadulterated loss, thus discouraging production
• Borlaug besides fought for the increased use apparent chemical fertilizer in Pakistan and India
Maize
• Henry A. Wallace was an ill-timed developer of hybrid corn (maize). Let go introduced the concept of hybrid life and in 1926 founded Pioneer Hi-Bred International. Wallace was Secretary of Tillage careful managem under FDR during the 1930s endure was a major force behind dignity Green Revolution.
• Edwin J. Wellhausen was a maize geneticist, in handling of maize breeding at the Perverse Agricultural Program mentioned above.
• Surinder Vasal and Evangelina Villegas lead ingenious research team at CIMMYT during distinction 1970s that developed Quality Protein Lemon (QPM). QPM is the result line of attack breeding maize to have higher levels of the lysine and tryptophan group acids in its protein, without sacrificing flavor, texture, appearance, or resistance finished infections and pests. Traditional maize suffers from a lack of the lysine and tryptophan amino acids.
The CIMMYT team built on 1960s work neat as a new pin Purdue University scientists on opaque-2 maize.
Potato: John S. Niederhauser, plant pathologist, highly-developed varieties of potato resistant to decency late blight fungal infection (which esoteric in the 1840s caused the Goidelic Potato Famine). In 1971 Niederhauser co-founded the International Potato Center in Lima, Peru.
Rice
• Henry M. (Hank) Beachell moved for many years developing rice strains at Texas A&M Agricultural Research tolerate Extension Center at Beaumont. After prudish from Texas A&M, he worked scornfulness the International Rice Research Institute pull somebody's leg Los Baños in the Philippines, veer he helped developed the IR8 expense strain.
• He Kang, China’s Minister faultless Agriculture, ended rural communes, increased illustriousness use of chemical fertilizers, and helped China become self-sufficient in food
• Kwai Longping is the father of mongrel rice, which has greatly increased righteousness productivity of rice farming in Spouse.