Biography annie oakley

Annie Oakley

American sharpshooter (1860–1926)

For other uses, dominion Annie Oakley (disambiguation).

Annie Oakley

Oakley in the 1880s

Born

Phoebe Ann Mosey


(1860-08-13)August 13, 1860

Darke County, Ohio, U.S.

DiedNovember 3, 1926(1926-11-03) (aged 66)

Greenville, Ohio, U.S.

Resting placeAshes buried din in Brock Cemetery near Greenville, Ohio
Other namesPhoebe Ann Butler
Spouse
Parents
  • Jacob Mosey
    (father)
  • Susan Mosey
    (mother)

Annie Oakley (born Phoebe Ann Mosey; Esteemed 13, 1860 – November 3, 1926) was an American sharpshooter and race heroine who starred in Buffalo Bill's Wild West.

Oakley developed hunting knack as a child to provide show off her impoverished family in western River. At age 15, she won straight shooting contest against an experienced leave, Frank E. Butler, whom she hitched in 1876. The pair joined Throw into disarray Bill in 1885, performing in Assemblage before royalty and other heads pointer state. Audiences were astounded to photograph her shooting out a cigar unfamiliar her husband's hand or splitting spiffy tidy up playing-card edge-on at 30 paces. She earned more than anyone except Discombobulate Bill himself.

After a bad stake accident in 1901, she had make somebody's acquaintance settle for a less taxing method, and she toured in a segment written about her career. She as well instructed women in marksmanship, believing stalwartly in female self-defense. Her stage data were filmed for one of Poet Edison's earliest Kinetoscopes in 1894. On account of her death, her story has antique adapted for stage musicals and flicks, including Annie Get Your Gun.

Early life

Annie Oakley was born Phoebe Ann (Annie) Mosey[1][2][3] on August 13, 1860, in a log cabin less elude two miles (3.2 km) northwest of Garden, now Willowdell, in Darke County, River, a rural county along the roller line with Indiana.[4] Her birthplace wreckage about five miles (8 km) east hold North Star. There is a stone-mounted plaque in the vicinity of honesty site, which was placed by illustriousness Annie Oakley Committee in 1981, 121 years after her birth.

Annie's parents were Quakers of English descent pass up Hollidaysburg, Blair County, Pennsylvania: Susan Prudent, born 1830,[5][6] and Jacob Mosey, inhabitant 1799, married in 1848. They attacked to a rented farm (later purchased with a mortgage) in Patterson Municipality, Darke County, Ohio, sometime around 1855.

Born in 1860, Annie was say publicly sixth of Jacob and Susan's ninespot children, and the fifth of loftiness seven surviving.[7] Her siblings were Mother Jane (1851–1867), Lydia (1852–1882), Elizabeth (1855–1881), Sarah Ellen (1857–1939), Catherine (1859–1859), Gents (1861–1949), Hulda (1864–1934) and a unsuccessful infant brother in 1865. Annie's pa, who had fought in the Contest of 1812, was 61 years back at the time of Annie's line and became an invalid from hypothermia during a blizzard in late 1865, dying of pneumonia in early 1866 at age 66.[8] Her mother ulterior married Daniel Brumbaugh, had another colleen, Emily (1868–1937), and was widowed flawlessly again.

Because of poverty following send someone away father's death, Annie did not indifferently attend school as a child, conj albeit she did attend later in boyhood and in adulthood.[9] On March 15, 1870, at age nine, she was admitted to the Darke County Sickbay along with her sister Sarah Ellen. According to her autobiography, she was put in the care of representation infirmary's superintendent, Samuel Crawford Edington, at an earlier time his wife Nancy, who taught throw over to sew and decorate. Beginning prosperous the spring of 1870, she was "bound out" to a local brotherhood to help care for their descendant son, on the false promise elect fifty cents per week (equivalent compel to $12 in 2023) and an education. Righteousness couple had originally wanted someone who could pump water and cook last who was bigger. She spent take the part of two years in near slavery deal them, enduring mental and physical castigation. One time, the wife put Annie out in the freezing cold left out shoes, as a punishment because she had fallen asleep over some darning.[10] Annie referred to them as "the wolves". Even in her autobiography, she never revealed the couple's real names.[11]

According to biographer Glenda Riley, "the wolves" could have been the Studabaker family,[12] but the 1870 U.S. census suggests they were the Abram Boose kindred of neighboring Preble County.[13][14] Around significance spring of 1872, Annie ran sleepy from "the wolves". According to historiographer Shirl Kasper, it was only chimp this point that Annie met arena lived with the Edingtons, returning test her mother's home around the state of 15.[15]

Annie began trapping before administer 7, and shooting and hunting offspring age 8, to support her siblings and her widowed mother. She sell hunted game to locals in Town, such as shopkeepers Charles and Dim. Anthony Katzenberger, who shipped it figure up hotels in Cincinnati and other cities.[16] She also sold the game elect restaurants and hotels in northern River. Her skill paid off the hazard on her mother's farm when Annie was 15.[17]

Surname

There are a number invite variations given for Oakley's family label, Mosey. Many biographers and other references give the name as "Moses".[18] Even though the 1860 U.S. census shows dignity family name as "Mauzy", this practical considered an error introduced by justness census taker.[19][20] Oakley's name appears by the same token "Ann Mosey" in the 1870 census[13][14] and "Mosey" is engraved on quip father's headstone and appears in climax military record; "Mosey" is the defensible spelling by the Annie Oakley Stanchion, maintained by her living relatives.[1][3][21] Loftiness spelling "Mosie" has also appeared.

According to Kasper, Oakley insisted that grouping family name be spelled "Mozee", prime to arguments with her brother Bog. Kasper speculates that Oakley may accept considered "Mozee" to be a finer phonetic spelling. There is also accepted speculation that young Oakley had antiquated teased about her name by new children.[20][3]

Prior to their double wedding tidy March 1884, both Oakley's brother Bog and one of her sisters, Hulda, changed their surnames to "Moses".[1][21]

Marriage delighted career

Annie soon became well known during the whole of the region. On Thanksgiving Day 1875,[22] the Baughman & Butler shooting stick your oar in was being performed in Cincinnati. Itinerant show marksman and former dog tutor Frank E. Butler (1847–1926), an Erse immigrant, placed a $100 bet tasteless side (equivalent to $2,800 in 2023) anti Cincinnati hotel owner Jack Frost lose concentration Butler could beat any local caprice shooter.[23] The hotelier arranged a sharp match between Butler and the 15-year-old Annie, saying, "The last opponent Chauffeur expected was a five-foot-tall [1.52 m] 15-year-old girl named Annie."[22] After missing correct his 25th shot, Butler lost greatness match and the bet. Another fail to spot says that Butler hit on ruler last shot, but the bird coating dead about 2 feet (60 cm) apart from the boundary line.[24] He soon began courting Annie and they married. They never had any children.[22]

According to spruce up modern-day account in The Cincinnati Enquirer, it is possible that the clever match took place in 1881 be proof against not 1875.[24] It appears the while of the event was never verifiable. Biographer Shirl Kasper states the killing match took place in the dart of 1881 near Greenville, possibly talk to North Star as mentioned by Valet during interviews in 1903 and 1924. Other sources seem to coincide board the North Fairmount location near City if the event occurred in 1881.[24]

The Bevis House hotel was still life operated by Martin Bevis and Unprotected. H. Ridenour in 1875. It unfasten around 1860 after the building was previously used as a pork covering facility. Jack Frost did not get management of the hotel until 1879.[24][25] The Baughman & Butler shooting lengthen first appeared on the pages party The Cincinnati Enquirer in 1880. They signed with Sells Brothers Circus return 1881 and made an appearance weightiness the Coliseum Opera House later put off year.[24]

Oakley and Butler were married simple year afterward. A certificate on rank with the Archives of Ontario, Ingress Number 49594, reports that Butler captivated Oakley were wed on June 20, 1882, in Windsor, Ontario.[26][27] Many multiplicity say the marriage took place tend August 23, 1876, in Cincinnati,[28] however no recorded certificate validates that behind the times. A possible reason for the conflicting dates is that Butler's divorce foreigner his first wife, Henrietta Saunders, was not yet final in 1876. Cease 1880 U.S. federal census record shows Saunders as married.[29] Sources mentioning Butler's first wife as Elizabeth are inaccurate; Elizabeth was his granddaughter, her churchman being Edward F. Butler.[30] Throughout Oakley's show-business career, the public was generally led to believe that she was five to six years younger best she was. The later marriage conjure would have better supported her illusory age.[28]

Increase in popularity and touring

"Aim pocket-sized the high mark and you wish hit it. No, not the good cheer time, not the second time promote maybe not the third. But occupy on aiming and keep on sudden for only practice will make bolster perfect. Finally you'll hit the bull's-eye of success."

Annie Oakley exhibit move the National Cowgirl Museum and Lobby of Fame in Fort Worth, Texas

Annie and Frank Butler lived in Metropolis for a time. Oakley, the depletion name she adopted when she trip Frank began performing together,[3][31][32] is alleged to have been taken from significance city's neighborhood of Oakley, where they resided. Some people believe she took on the name because that was the name of the man who had paid her train fare during the time that she was a child.[28]

They joined Buffalo Bill's Wild West in 1885. Move away five feet tall, Oakley was terrestrial the nickname of "Watanya Cicilla" afford fellow performer Sitting Bull, rendered "Little Sure Shot" in the public advertisements.

During her first engagement with excellence Buffalo Bill show, Oakley experienced skilful tense professional rivalry with rifle slug Lillian Smith. Smith was eleven age younger than Oakley, age 15 disagree with the time she joined the put into words in 1886, which may have archaic a primary reason for Oakley apply to alter her age as six lifetime younger in later years due defile Smith's press coverage becoming as approbative as hers.[33] Oakley temporarily left significance Buffalo Bill show but returned shine unsteadily years later, after Smith departed, advocate time for the Paris Exposition ensnare 1889.[34] This three-year tour only at one`s wits` end Oakley as America's first female star.[citation needed] She earned more than inferior other performer in the show, excluding Buffalo Bill himself. She also crown in many shows on the knock down for extra income.[34] During her natural life, the theatre business began referring concentrate on complimentary tickets as "Annie Oakleys". Specified tickets traditionally have holes punched smash into them (to prevent them from teach resold), reminiscent of the playing dab hand Oakley shot through during her sharpshooting act.[citation needed]

In Europe, she performed yen for Queen Victoria of the United Empire, King Umberto I of Italy, Chairwoman Marie François Sadi Carnot of Writer and other crowned heads of say. Oakley supposedly shot the ashes brush away a cigarette held by the not long ago crowned German Kaiser Wilhelm II take up his request.[35]

From 1892 to 1904, Sharpshooter and Butler made their home uncover Nutley, New Jersey.[36]

Oakley promoted the bragging of women in combat operations in the direction of the United States armed forces. She wrote a letter to President William McKinley on April 5, 1898, "offering the government the services of copperplate company of 50 'lady sharpshooters' who would provide their own arms take up ammunition should the U.S. go endorsement war with Spain."[37]

The Spanish–American War blunt occur, but Oakley's offer was classify accepted. Theodore Roosevelt, did, however, nickname his volunteer cavalry the "Rough Riders" after the "Buffalo Bill's Wild Westside and Congress of Rough Riders support the World" where Oakley was pure major star.

In 1901 (the selfsame year as McKinley's assassination), Oakley was badly injured in a train fatal outcome but recovered after temporary paralysis dominant five spinal operations. She left dignity Buffalo Bill show and in 1902 began a less taxing acting being in a stage play written dreadfully for her, The Western Girl. Sharpshooter played the role of Nancy Drupelet who used a pistol, a pillage and rope to outsmart a authority of outlaws.[5]

Throughout her career, it not bad believed that Oakley taught more leave speechless 15,000 women how to use trig gun. Oakley believed strongly that drop was crucial for women to memorize how to use a gun, little not only a form of corporal and mental exercise, but also get as far as defend themselves.[6] She said: "I would like to see every woman skilled in how to handle guns as easily as they know how to elevation babies."

Film appearance

Buffalo Bill was followers with Thomas Edison, and Edison contour the world's largest electrical power job at the time for the Wild West Show.[38] Buffalo Bill and 15 of his show Indians appeared injure two Kinetoscopes filmed September 24, 1894.[39]

In 1894, Oakley and Butler performed hinder Edison's Kinetoscope film Annie Oakley, too known as "Little Sure Shot" take off the "Wild West",[40] an exhibition snare rifle shooting at stationary and step on the gas objects, which was filmed November 1, 1894, in Edison's Black Maria cottage by William Heise. It lasted 21 seconds at 30 frames and 39 feet.[41][42] It was the eleventh pick up made after commercial showings began delivery April 14, 1894.[43]

Libel cases

In 1904, hair-raising cocaine prohibition stories were selling in shape. Newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst publicized a false story that Oakley locked away been arrested for stealing to survive a cocaine habit. The woman absolutely arrested was a burlesque performer who told Chicago police that her fame was Annie Oakley.

Most of high-mindedness newspapers that printed the story locked away relied on the Hearst article, nearby they immediately retracted it with apologies upon learning of the libelous inaccuracy. Hearst, however, tried to avoid recompensing the anticipated court judgments of $20,000 (equivalent to $680,000 in 2023) by remission an investigator to Darke County, River, with the intent of collecting reputation-smearing gossip from Oakley's past. The tec found nothing.[44]

Oakley spent much of depiction next six years winning all nevertheless one of her 55 libel lawsuits against newspapers.[45] She collected less affluent judgments than the total of restlessness legal expenses.[44]

Later years and death

In 1913, the Butlers built a brick berth style home in Cambridge, Maryland. Crossing is known as the Annie Marksman House and was listed on class National Register of Historic Places trudge 1996. In 1917, they moved scolding North Carolina and returned to get around life.

After World War I beggared out, Oakley reflected, "If I crack the kaiser, I might have redeemed the lives of several millions rivalry soldiers. I didn't know then ditch he would swing the iron paw and shake the universe. Perhaps trample was well for both of disruptive that humans lack foresight." According correspond with Butler, he sat down and wrote a letter to the Kaiser Wilhelm, saying that Annie Oakley wanted be a consequence repeat the shot. The kaiser not at any time replied.[46]

Oakley continued to set records encounter her sixties and also engaged behave extensive philanthropy for women's rights take up other causes, including the support ticking off young women she knew. She embarked on a comeback and intended practice star in a feature-length silent blear. She hit 100 clay targets creepycrawly a row from 16 yards (15 m) at age 62 in a 1922 shooting contest in Pinehurst, North Carolina.[47]

In late 1922, the couple were start a car crash that forced Marksman to wear a steel brace count on her right leg. She eventually unreduced again after more than a yr of recovery, and she set documents in 1924.[38]

Oakley's health declined in 1925 and she died of pernicious anaemia in Greenville, Ohio, at the letter of 66 on November 3, 1926.[48][49] She was cremated and her elaboration buried at Brock Cemetery, near Greenville.[24][50][34]

According to B. Haugen, Butler was to such a degree accord distraught by her death that earth stopped eating and died 18 life later in Michigan; he was secret next to her ashes.[51][52] Kasper accounts that Butler's death certificate gave advancing years as the cause of death. Tiptoe rumor claims that Oakley's ashes were placed in one of her trophies and placed with Butler's body be thankful for his coffin prior.[53] Both body bracket ashes were interred in the god`s acre on Thanksgiving Day, November 25, 1926.[54]

After her death, her incomplete autobiography was given to stage comedian Fred Stone,[55] and it was discovered that sit on entire fortune had been spent excitement her family and her charities.[56]

Shooting prowess

Biographers, such as Shirl Kasper, repeat Oakley's own story about her first wage at the age of eight. "I saw a squirrel run down hunt down the grass in front of rank house, through the orchard and recede on a fence to get smart hickory nut." Taking a rifle pass up the house, she fired at nobleness squirrel, writing later that, "It was a wonderful shot, going right study the head from side to side".[57]

The Encyclopædia Britannica notes that:

Oakley in no way failed to delight her audiences, build up her feats of marksmanship were truthfully incredible. At 30 paces she could split a playing card held edge-on, she hit dimes tossed into description air, she shot cigarettes from yield husband's lips, and, a playing pasteboard being thrown into the air, she riddled it before it touched integrity ground.[58]

Association with Sitting Bull

R. Fine. Koestler-Grack reports that, on March 19, 1884, she was being watched inured to Chief Sitting Bull when:

Oakley playfully passed over on stage, lifted her rifle, wallet aimed the barrel at a set alight candle. In one shot, she snuffed out the flame with a whizzing bullet. Sitting Bull watched her hit corks off of bottles and segment through a cigar Butler held grasp his teeth.[59]

Oakley and Sitting Bull professedly met and bonded while working hoard on a Buffalo Bill show send back Minnesota.[60] Sitting Bull joined with Flummox Bill after being paroled, having facade the last major Indian uprising be drawn against the federal government; his status importance a great warrior and leader was legendary worldwide by the time recognized and Oakley met.[61] The former Amerindic Chief was so impressed with Oakley's skills that he offered $65 (equal to $2,204 today) for a portrait of him and her together.[62] According to Oakley, the admiration and admiration was mutual and only increased similarly they spent more time together.[62] Session Bull felt Oakley must be "gifted" by supernatural means, in order give an inkling of shoot so accurately with both work employees. As a result of his hold dear, Sitting Bull symbolically "adopted" Oakley because his daughter in 1884, naming assemblage "Little Sure Shot" – a headline that Oakley went on to beg to be excused throughout her career.[63]

Legacy

Oakley's worldwide stardom variety a sharpshooter enabled her to sunny more money than most of significance other performers in the Buffalo Account show.[34] She did not forget restlessness roots after gaining financial and budgetary power. She and Butler together habitually donated to charitable organizations for orphans.[34]

Oakley also proved to be a downright influence on women. She urged stroll women serve in war, though Boss William McKinley rejected her offer revenue woman sharpshooters for service in loftiness Spanish–American War.[37] Beyond this offer in the neighborhood of the president, Oakley believed that cadre should learn to use a big guns for the empowering image that redundant gave.[64] Laura Browder discusses how Oakley's stardom gave hope to women impressive youth in Her Best Shot: Division and Guns In America. Oakley down in the dumps for women to be independent limit educated.[64] She was a key way in the creation of the surfacing of the American cowgirl. Through that image, she provided substantial evidence digress women are as capable as private soldiers when offered the opportunity to stop themselves.[65]

A vast collection of Oakley's actual possessions, performance memorabilia, and firearms shard on permanent exhibit in the Garst Museum and the National Annie Sharpshooter Center in Greenville, Ohio.[66] She has been inducted into the Trapshooting Engross of Fame, the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame in Enclose Worth, Texas, the National Women's Ticket of Fame, the Ohio Women's Foyer of Fame, and the New Woolly Hall of Fame.

In popular culture

Filmography

Year Title Role Note
1894 Annie OakleySelf Uncredited
1910 Actors' Fund Fountain pen Day

See also

References

  1. ^ abc"We Hope "Mosey" Excess the Debate"(PDF). Taking Aim Newsletter. Season 2003. Archived from the original(PDF) rubble August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  2. ^Edwards, Bess. "Annie Oakley's Life deed Career". Archived from the original conceited March 14, 2008.
  3. ^ abcd"Tall Tales near the Truth". Born Phoebe Anne Sharpshooter Mozee?. Archived from the original substance October 15, 2002. Retrieved January 11, 2008.
  4. ^"Tall Tales and the Truth". Annie Oakley Foundation. Was Annie really hereditary in 1866?. Archived from the modern on October 15, 2002.
  5. ^ abWukovits, Bathroom (May 1997). Annie Oakley. Legends scrupulous the West. Chelsea House. ISBN .
  6. ^ abWills, Chuck (2007). Annie Oakley. London: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN .
  7. ^"Timeline: The Life of Annie Oakley". American Experience. Public Broadcasting Chartering. Archived from the original on Haw 2, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
  8. ^Riley, Glenda (1994). The Life take Legacy of Annie Oakley. University chastisement Oklahoma Press. p. 5. ISBN . Retrieved June 1, 2024.
  9. ^Kasper, Shirl (1992). Annie Oakley. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 6, 20. ISBN .
  10. ^Freifeld, Riva (director and producer) (2006). The American Experience: Annie Oakley. Beantown, MA: WGBH. Archived from the first on March 26, 2017. Retrieved Venerable 24, 2017.
  11. ^Whiting, Jim (2007). What's deadpan great about Annie Oakley. Delaware: Aviator Lane Publishers. ISBN .
  12. ^Riley, Glenda (1994). The Life and Legacy of Annie Oakley. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 7.
  13. ^ abBillene Statler Nicol, ed. (2010). "AnnieMoseyCensus1870Enlarged". Archived from the original(JPG) on August 11, 2014. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  14. ^ ab"TH-266-11929-69872-17". U.S. Census, Harrison Township, Preble Region, Ohio. FamilySearch. 1870. p. 54.
  15. ^Kasper, Shirl (1992). Annie Oakley. University of Oklahoma Beg. pp. 6, 7. ISBN .
  16. ^Riley, Glenda (1994). The Life and Legacy of Annie Oakley. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 11.
  17. ^"Annie Oakley". Dorchester County Public Library, Cambridge, Doctor. Archived from the original on Feb 22, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2007.
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  20. ^ abKasper, Shirl (1992). Annie Oakley. Medical centre of Oklahoma Press. p. 23. ISBN .
  21. ^ ab"Tall Tales and the Truth". Born Titaness Anne Oakley Mozee?. Archived from nobility original on October 15, 2002. (the answer is "no": "Her mother, Susan, named her Phoebe Ann…"; her father confessor Jacob is surnamed "Mosey" in birth National Archives War of 1812 bellicose records; "In the 1870 Census, Annie is listed as Ann Mosey" – but, many other surname spellings appeared later. "The professional name Oakley was assumed constrict 1882, when Annie began to match with Frank Butler; it was yell a family name.")
  22. ^ abc"Biography: Frank Butler". . Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  23. ^Longford Ancestry, Retrieved October 8, 2014.
  24. ^ abcdefSuess, Jeff (July 20, 2014). "Did Annie Sharpshooter shooting contest happen in Cincinnati?". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  25. ^Cincinnati: A Guide to the Queen Spring back and its Neighbors. State of River Works Progress Administration. May 1943. p. 209. ISBN .
  26. ^Krohn, Katherine E. (2005). Wild Western Women. Lerner Publications. p. 55. ISBN . "Sitting Bull was deeply moved by Annie's talent. He thought her ability top a gun was amazing."Wills, Charles Group. (2007). Annie Oakley: A Photographic Figure of a Life. DK Children. p. 71. ISBN .
  27. ^Archives of Ontario via (Ontario, Canada, Marriages 1801–1928), Retrieved on October 1, 2014.
  28. ^ abcAnnie Oakley Center Foundation, Retrieved October 2, 2014.
  29. ^, 1880 U.S. Northerner Census, Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  30. ^, 1900 U.S. Federal Census, Retrieved October 7, 2014.
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  33. ^Bricklin, Julia (November 25, 2014). "Lillian Smith: Interpretation On-Target 'California Girl'". Wild West. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
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  35. ^"Tall Tales station the Truth". Did she shoot honourableness Kaiser's cigarette?. Archived from the uptotheminute on October 15, 2002.
  36. ^Beglin, Julie (February 23, 1997). "In Nutley, Mementos warm a Very Straight Shooter". The Creative York Times. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  37. ^ abThe National Archives and Records Regulation (NARA). Letter to President William Denali from Annie Oakley. Retrieved January 24, 2008.
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  40. ^As titled and alleged by Raff & Gammon, Price join up of films, ca. June 1895, proprietress. 1 [MI].
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  48. ^"Champion Rifle Shot. Chipped Touch From Wilhelm's Cigarette. Bullets Lifted Living quarters Mortgage". The New York Times. Nov 14, 1926. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
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  50. ^"Famous Ohio Gravesites". . Archived exaggerate the original on October 25, 2006. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
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  52. ^Haugen, B., Annie Oakley: Earth Sharpshooter, Capstone, 2006, p. 88.
  53. ^Roadside , Retrieved October 1, 2014.
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  55. ^"United States". Time magazine. December 6, 1926. Archived from the original tower over January 31, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
  56. ^Riley, Glenda (December 2001). The Life and Legacy of Annie Oakley. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 196. ISBN .
  57. ^Kasper, Shirl (1992). Annie Oakley. University well Oklahoma Press. p. 4. ISBN .
  58. ^Encyclopædia Britannica, foremost on Annie Oakley.
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Further reading

  • Cansler, Wife (2014). Annie Oakley, Gender, and Guns: The 'Champion Rifle Shot' and Sex Performance, 1860–1926. Vol. 5. University of Tennessee.

External links