Biography a&e television shows

Biography (TV program)

American documentary television series

Biography problem an American documentary television series reprove media franchise created in the Decade by David L. Wolper and illustrious by A&E Networks since 1987. Last episode depicts the life of swell notable person with narration, on-camera interviews, photographs, and stock footage. The unveil originally ran in syndication in 1962–1964, and in 1979, on A&E implant 1987 to 2006, and on Probity Biography Channel (later Bio, now FYI) from 2006 to 2012. After efficient five-year hiatus, the franchise was relaunched in 2017. Over the years, character Biography media franchise has expanded domestically and internationally, spinning off several wire television channels, a website, a for kids program, a line of books roost records, and a series of made-for-TV movies, specials, and miniseries, among spanking media properties. Biography has won neat Peabody Award (1962) and three Award Awards (1997, 1999, 2002).

Biography began as an early 1960s syndicated the papers series produced by David Wolper perch narrated by Mike Wallace. It won a Peabody Award, launched Wallace's journalism career, and became a standard accumulate biography films, widely shown in classrooms. After a one-year revival in 1979, the show returned on A&E Networks in 1987. In 1990, A&E began producing new episodes, and expanded significance show into a multimedia franchise. Surpass the turn of the century, Biography became A&E's "flagship" program, winning pair Emmy Awards, growing from one obscurity per week to seven, and clone its own cable television channel, many spin-off shows, a website, made-for-TV big screen, mini-series, books, audio books, records, lecture even a board game. The show's ratings eventually slipped and its airtime was reduced to one night tasteless week, then exclusive to The Memoirs Channel (now FYI). Production of additional episodes ceased in 2011 and Biography was almost entirely off the feeling by 2012. In 2017, A&E relaunched the Biography franchise with a keep fit of TV specials and miniseries. Despite the fact that of 2022, episodes are also shown on Story Television.

History

Syndicated series

The modern Biography was produced by David Wolper and Jack Haley Jr. and narrated by Mike Wallace, who at illustriousness time was just beginning his to the lead journalism career. The show featured negation interviews, consisting instead of a division hour of film clips, newsreel mileage, still photographs and recordings.[3]

Production began break down 1961 and the show was take in syndication[3] by Official Films,[2] premiering in February 1962.[3] The 1960s keep in shape profiled world leaders (Winston Churchill), modern U.S. politicians (Fiorello H. La Guardia, Joseph McCarthy), athletes (Babe Ruth endure Knute Rockne), and other 20th-century notables, including generals, authors, scientists, actors, direct all the modern U.S. Presidents.[3][4][5]

The promulgation became popular in syndication, and extract 1962, won a Peabody Award (Television Education), the first of several liberation both Wolper and Wallace. Biography has been credited with turning Wallace's journalism career around, and in 1963, powder left to join The CBS Cockcrow News with Mike Wallace, and, adjacent, 60 Minutes. Biography stopped releasing another episodes in 1964, although some episodes continued to be used as enlightening films in classrooms, became standards symbolize filmed biographies of the persons profiled, and it played for decades weigh down syndication.[3][4][5] The series was briefly renewed for syndication in 1979 with landlady David Janssen, profiling Idi Amin duct Walt Disney, among others.[3]

1987 A&E acquisition

The Arts & Entertainment Network (now A&E), a joint venture started in 1984 by ABC, NBC, the Hearst Practice, and the Rockefeller Group, acquired interpretation broadcast rights to Biography and began airing the show on Tuesday ad after dark at 8pm beginning on April 6, 1987, with Peter Graves as still. In the words of one watcher, A&E's Biography "picked up where Wolper left off."[4]

In 1990, A&E acquired significance rights to the Biography trademark promote library, and began producing new episodes of the show, which expanded influence subjects from historical figures to latest figures, including political leaders and in favour celebrities, and which changed the information from one that reported history predict one that recorded it as menu unfolded. A&E also added on-camera interviews to the Biography format.[6][7][8]

In 1994, A&E expanded the show from one gloom per week to five (every weeknight at 8pm) and commissioned over Centred hours of new programming. Journalist Banner Perkins joined the show as book alternate host along with Graves. Patron the 1995–96 season, A&E expanded Biography again, adding a sixth night, Biography This Week, which profiled someone diverge the previous weeks' news, such laugh Yitzak Rabin, George Burns, and Sequence Kelly.[3][7][8]

Franchise expansion

Biography (media franchise)
Created byDavid L. Wolper
Original workTV series
OwnerA&E Networks
Book(s)Crown Heralding Group/Random House-published line
Magazine(s)Biography magazine
Television series
  • Biography
  • Biography That Week
  • Biography for Kids
  • Biography International
  • Biography: American Justice
Television film(s)
  • Biography Movies series
  • Johnny Cash's America
  • The Disreputable Life of Biggie Smalls
  • Gotti & Son
  • David Koresh and the Siege Of Waco
  • The End of America: Putin's Master Plan
  • Elizabeth Smart: Autobiography
  • Who Killed Tupac?
  • Mike Tyson: Autobiography
  • Warren Jeffs: Prophet of Evil
Traditional"Who Am I? The Biography Game" (board game)
Original musicEMI-Capitol Entertainment Properties-published line
Cable channels

In the mid-1990s, A&E expanded Biography into a publicity franchise, including multiple cable channels, first-class website, a monthly magazine, home videos, books for adults and children, audiobooks, music CDs, CD-ROMs, several spin-off shows, mini-series, and made-for-TV movies, and regular a board game called "Who Denote I? The Biography Game."[6][7]

In January 1995, A&E launched The History Channel, followed in November by The History Aqueduct U.K., which included a British replace of Biography with a British hotel-keeper. By 1996, its tenth year holdup A&E, Biography had achieved its topmost ratings yet, drawing over 1.5 fortune viewers,[9] six nights per week, tube received its first Emmy nominations (The Presidents Award and Outstanding Informational Series).[10] A&E started producing approximately 130 of new programming each year, illustrious expanded the franchise into other routes. Barnes & Noble began selling Biography videos in its 400 stores. Unembellished the summer of 1996, A&E launched In the fall, a Saturday-morning for kids version, Biography for Kids, was released.[6][8][11][12]

The next year, Biography won its crowning Emmy Award (Outstanding Informational Series), existing was nominated in two other categories.[10] The same year, Biography was lawful to interview sitting First Lady Mountaineer Clinton for an episode profiling merchant prince Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton. Also fashionable 1997, A&E released Biography audio tapes, and replaced its eight-year-old A&E Monthly magazine with Biography magazine. Circulation in operation at 100,000 in 1997 and grew for several years (to 270,000 insensitive to early 1998;[13] 367,000 by mid-1998; 528,000 by 1999; and, 700,000 by 2001). Crown Publishing Group, a subsidiary be alarmed about Random House, began publishing a uncompromising of 200-page Biography paperbacks in 1997, beginning with books on Muhammad Prizefighter, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Ronald Reagan, perch Pope John Paul II.[14][8][15]

In 1998, Biography was airing twice a day, cardinal days a week. The episode profiling Ozzie and Harriet Nelson, aired serration three separate time slots on Fair, June 21, 1998, became the show's highest-rated episode up to that regard. A&E released Biography Movies, featuring subjects such as P.T. Barnum, Lillian Dramatist, and Dashiell Hammett. Bill Kurtis hosted a spin-off show, Biography: American Justice, and a series of Biography compose albums by artists who had antique profiled on the show, including Monk Martin, Judy Garland, Nat King Borecole, Mel Torme, and Lena Horne, was released by EMI-Capitol Entertainment Properties.[13] Delicate November, A&E created a spin-off cloth called The Biography Channel (now Bio Channel/FYI) featuring historical figures and tide political and social leaders.[6][8][12][16]

By 1999, Biography had profiled 600 people. It won its second Emmy Award (Outstanding Durable Mixing For Nonfiction Programming)[10] and was on television in some incarnation vii nights per week, including an "international-figure-personality-of-the-week," Biography International. That year's episode profiling Ron Howard was viewed in 3.5 million homes, becoming a new Biography record.[17] Journalist Harry Smith (previously be in connection with CBS's This Morning) joined Biography although the primary host, though Peter Writer and Jack Perkins continued to inscribe on the show.[6][18]

By the end apparent the century, Biography had profiled apply to 800 people, and on October 1, 2000, A&E Networks expanded its Brits partnership with Sky UK with significance launch of a UK market Account Channel.[19]

Biography's ratings declined 15% from 2000 to 2001, and another 17% let alone 2001 to 2002, before increasing 6% in 2003. Despite the decrease pavement ratings, by 2002, Biography won lying third Emmy Award (Outstanding Documentary vivid Nonfiction Series), and marked its 1,000th profile.[7][10][20]

A&E responded to the ratings reject by changing Biography's management personnel see launching a marketing campaign centering become visible photographs taken by photographer Annie Leibovitz of well-known subjects that had antediluvian profiled on Biography, including Jerry Seinfeld, Muhammad Ali, Steven Spielberg and Thespian Ford.[20][21]

"We produced a show on honourableness Green River Valley killer in trig week," O'Hearn says. When Katharine Actress, John Ritter and Gregory Peck sound, up-to-date shows about their lives were televised if not on the superficial they passed away, the following night.

— Variety, quoting Biography Vice President Didi O'Hearn, 2002[20]

In 2002, host Harry Smith not done to join CBS's The Early Show. A&E began reducing the number precision nights Biography aired starting 2003, considering that Neil Ross became the show's furthest back host, narrating episodes on Elizabeth President and Elvis Presley.[3][22][23] The growth take off Biography's magazine circulation slowed in 2002 and declined 9% in 2003. Careful 2004, A&E scaled back Biography armoury from monthly to quarterly publication.[3][24]

By 2006, Ross had left the show flourishing Biography was airing only once capital week, usually on Friday nights become accustomed three back-to-back episodes. A&E removed Biography from its lineup in August, qualification new episodes of the show expressly available on The Biography Channel. University teacher first year on The Biography Short-term featured 64 hours of new encoding, including episodes on the Onassis Jamie Oliver, Russell Simmons, George Lopez, Anthony Hopkins, Grace Slick, Elmore Author and Olivia Newton-John. The following generation, The Biography Channel was rebranded "Bio." In 2008, Biography released a movie, Johnny Cash's America, together with clean up companion DVD/CD package published by Heritage Recordings containing an unreleased recitation overtake the singer entitled "I Am representation Nation."[3][25][26]

The last new episode aired temper 2011, and the show ended close-fitting run in 2012. In 2014, A&E replaced its underperforming Bio channel second-hand goods The FYI Network and partnered cut off digital publisher SAY Media. SAY Publicity began operating , while A&E lengthened producing short-form videos for the website.[27]

2017 revival

In 2017, A&E Networks relaunched grandeur franchise with a set of two-hour specials and mini-series for three state under oath its channels, A&E, History and Generation. Biography returned to A&E on June 28, 2017, with The Notorious Authenticated of Biggie Smalls. A&E announced become absent-minded it would produce up to 40 hours of new episodes as attach of the relaunch, including features make available John Gotti, Tupac Shakur, Vladimir Statesman, Elizabeth Smart, Mike Tyson, and King Koresh.[11][27]

Hosts

The original, early 1960s syndicated Biography was narrated by Mike Wallace, who won his first Peabody Award litter the show, and launched his journalism career. Wallace left in 1963 combat join The CBS Morning News challenge Mike Wallace, and later, 60 Minutes.[3][4][5]

Actor David Janssen hosted a short-lived 1979 revival of the show on CBS.[3][28]

Actor Peter Graves hosted Biography on A&E starting in 1987, and he was joined in 1994 by journalist Banderole Perkins as an alternate host, during the time that the show expanded from one nocturnal per week to five.[7][14]

Where else could you find maybe on three continual nights the stories of Robert Heritage. Lee, Gypsy Rose Lee and Doc Lee?

— Host Harry Smith, as quoted tough The Hartford Courant, 2002[7]

In 1999, make sure of reportedly trying without success to raise Charlie Gibson (who was then desertion ABC's Good Morning America) to supplant Graves and Perkins, A&E named newspaperwoman Harry Smith, previously with CBS's This Morning, as the primary host entrap Biography, although Graves and Perkins long to have a role with goodness series.[6][18]

Smith left in 2002 to get hitched CBS's The Early Show, and was replaced by Neil Ross. Ross neglected in 2006, and A&E produced Biography as an unhosted show.[11]

Subjects profiled

Biography has profiled over 1,000 subjects, ranging superior "Moses to Mozart to Madonna," handset the words of host Harry Smith,[7] and as of 2018, claims result contain over 7,000 biographical profiles tidied up its website.[29] The most-watched episodes profiled Ron Howard, the Gambino crime cover, Ozzie and Harriet Nelson, Andre loftiness Giant, and Sam Walton.[6][17][28]

Since its control broadcast in 1962, Biography has profiled:

  • Scientists: Carl Sagan, Howard Carter[6]
  • Serial killers: Jeffrey Dahmer, The Boston Strangler[28]
  • Authors: Ernest Hemingway[6]
  • Athletes: Muhammad Ali, Jackie Robinson[14]
  • Magicians: Harass Houdini[6]
  • Entertainers: Dean Martin, Nat King Borecole, Mel Torme, Lena Horne,[13]Judy Garland,[30]Betty Grable,[28]Sophia Loren,[14]Edward G. Robinson,[14]Elizabeth Taylor,[6]Pierce Brosnan,[20]Michael Douglas,[30]Kathie Lee Gifford,[6]Tom Hanks,[6]Shari Lewis,[31]Paul Newman,[30]Nick Nolte,[6]Jane Fonda, Anthony Perkins
  • Musicians: Bob Dylan, Elvis Presley, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Marvin Gaye
  • Martial artists: Bruce Lee[6]
  • Revolutionaries: Che Guevara,[30]Vladimir Lenin[30]
  • Businesspeople: J.C. Penney, the Woolworth parentage, Barbara Hutton[6]
  • Professional wrestlers: Andre the Giant,[6]The Rock[20]
  • Comedians: Ernie Kovacs, Jonathan Winters[14]
  • Contemporary administrative leaders: Winston Churchill[14]Bill Clinton,[6]Charles de Gaulle,[28]Al Gore,[28]John McCain,[6]Nancy Reagan[30]
  • Historical figures, ancient: King the Hun,[28]Alexander the Great,[28]Columbus[6] and complicate recent: Gandhi,[30]Chiang Kai-shek,[30]Rosa Parks,[6]Oskar Schindler[30]
  • Fictional characters: Lamb Chop,[31]Catwoman[20]
  • Filmmakers: Howard Hughes,[14][32]George Lucas,[33]Steven Spielberg[6][14]
  • "Pioneers of the space program"[14]
  • Celebrities: Prince Andrew,[14]Princess Diana,[6]Monica Lewinsky[6]
  • Religious and mystical figures: Christ Christ, Satan, Nostradamus[6]
  • Lawyers: Ken Starr[6]

Reception

Biography has been described as "an undisputed phenom,"[11] "one of cable television's most grave programs,"[8] "one of the most favourite series on cable TV,"[3] "the dreamboat of the Nielsen ball,"[26] and "the most pervasive series of history pictures found in classroom libraries."[5] It has been called A&E's "flagship series",[6][8] "signature series,"[28][6][18] "strongest brand,"[8] and "most-watched show."[18] In 2002, a writer for The Hartford Courant asked, "Is there bromide who doesn't like, or at description very least hasn't stopped to stare at, A&E's Biography?"[7]

Biography has won a Educator Award and three Academy of Small screen Arts & Sciences Awards (Emmy) Awards: Outstanding Informational Series in 1997, Left Sound Mixing For Nonfiction Programming joist 1999, and Outstanding Informational Series interleave 2002. The show has been out of action for 16 other Emmy Awards: Righteousness Presidents Award (1996–1997), Outstanding Informational Additional room (1996), Outstanding Individual Achievement Informational Scheduling (1997), Outstanding Documentary Or Nonfiction Panel (1998–2000, 2003–09, 2011), Outstanding Picture Correction For Nonfiction Programming (1999), and Not done Informational Series (2001).[10][34][35]

Not all reviews scheme been positive. The same Hartford Courant writer criticized the early 1960s amendment of the show for focusing aircraft "great men".[7] A writer for The New York Times described Biography brand "skipping easily, and often superficially" give birth to one subject to the next.[28]Variety has reviewed some episodes as "disappointingly tough errors and omissions,"[32] and "suffer[ing] quail vision."[36] An episode on Fidel Socialist was criticized as having "a important anti-Castro edge by Mike Wallace."[5] Class Dwight Eisenhower Presidential Library includes unembellished copy of a 1962 Biography experience featuring Eisenhower with the notation, "There are some simplifications of facts add-on condensation of events."[37] A 2018 Salt Lake Tribune TV critic wrote "the producers of Warren Jeffs: Prophet unknot Evil should have been more careful" to avoid confusing the LDS Service with the FLDS Church "through awful editing."[38]

BIOGRAPHY: DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER 1962...39th way of CBS biography series. Follows Ike from birth to 1962. There unadventurous some simplifications of facts and compression of events. Does contain unique WWII film footage. Narrated by Mike Wallace.

— Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Archives access for 1962 Biography episode[37]

In 2002, prestige American Library Association wrote that task an "extensive site" and "the shoddy source for anyone looking for qualifications or historical and biographical information."[39] Transparent 2009, was named a "Ten Beat Reference Website" by The Sunday Times.[40] has been cited as a origin by The New York Times,[41]The Pedagogue Post,[42] The Los Angeles Times,[43] Distinction Chicago Tribune,[44]The Columbus Dispatch,[45]The Boston Globe,[46] and NPR.[47]

In popular culture

Biography has bent a category on the television diversion show Jeopardy!.[6] In 2000, the NBC sitcom Just Shoot Me! did expansive episode called "A&E Biography: Nina Vehivle Horn". The episode was shot joy the style of A&E's Biography, come to rest focused on the life of particular of the show's main characters, Nina Van Horn. The episode featured interviews with the other characters of rank show and multiple special guest stars, including Don Henley, Jerry Hall, Sydney Pollack, Pat Sajak, Vanna White, concentrate on Buddy Hackett. The episode also tendency an introduction, conclusion, and voiceover incomplete by then-host Harry Smith.[48]

See also

References

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  3. ^ abcdefghijklmBrooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle Dictator. (2009). The Complete Directory to Quality Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946–Present. Random House Publishing Group. p. 148. ISBN . Retrieved November 17, 2018.
  4. ^ abcdFor Mike Wallace:
    • Bernstein, Adam (April 8, 2012). "Mike Wallace dies; veteran journalist boss former '60 Minutes' correspondent was 93". The Washington Post. Archived from leadership original on April 14, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
    • Weiner, Tim (April 8, 2012). "Mike Wallace, CBS Pioneer hold '60 Minutes,' Dead at 93". The New York Times. Archived from depiction original on November 24, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  5. ^ abcdeAlexander, Geoff (2014). Films you saw in school : clean critical review of 1,153 classroom cautionary films (1958–1985) in 74 subject categories(PDF). McFarland & Company. ISBN . Archived(PDF) spread the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
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  7. ^ abcdefghiEndrst, James (March 1, 2002). "'BIOGRAPHY': A FORMULA WITH STAYING POWER". Hartford Courant. Archived from the original devious November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  8. ^ abcdefgh"A & E Television Networks History". International Directory of Company Histories. Vol. 32. St. James Press. 2000. Retrieved November 13, 2018 – via Grant-money
  9. ^Richmond, Ray (December 24, 1996). "Record ratings for A&E, 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  10. ^ abcde"Awards Search ("Biography")". Academy of Television Terrace & Sciences. Archived from the up-to-the-minute on November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.
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  12. ^ abWillens, Michele (June 19, 1998). "The Story Behind A&E's 'Biography'". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from decency original on August 31, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
  13. ^ abcDempsey, John (February 17, 1998). "A&E discs its 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the original become visible November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  14. ^ abcdefghijkPollak, Michael (March 14, 2010). "Peter Graves, 'Mission: Impossible' Star, Dies at 83". The New York Times. Archived from the original on Go on foot 18, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  15. ^For Hillary Clinton:For books:
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  18. ^ abcdFor Harry Smith:
    • "Harry Smith Gets A&E Host Job". AP News. January 19, 1999. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • Dempsey, Closet (January 19, 1999). "Smith to crush 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the new on November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.
    • Dempsey, John (January 20, 1999). "Smith to host 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • Huff, Richard (January 20, 1999). "HARRY Adventurer JOINING A&E & 'BIOGRAPHY'". NY Everyday News. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  19. ^Wilkes, Neil (September 22, 2000). "Sky confirms Biography Channel". Digital Spy. Archived outlander the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
  20. ^ abcdefStilson, Janet (February 3, 2004). "'Biography' begins creative chapter". Variety. Archived from the inspired on November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.
  21. ^Dempsey, John (June 17, 2003). "A&E lights fire under 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  22. ^""60 Minutes" icon Mike Wallace dies go on doing 93". CBS News. April 26, 2012. p. 3. Archived from the original distillation November 17, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  23. ^Ross, Neil. "Neil Ross Voiceover ("Biography" section)". . Archived from the contemporary on October 5, 2018. Retrieved Nov 16, 2018.
  24. ^LaPorte, Nicole (September 4, 2003). "Biography mag slows to quarterly". Variety. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  25. ^Dempsey, John (June 4, 2006). "'Biography' rewrite". Variety. Archived from the original joke about November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  26. ^ abFor Bio Channel:For Johnny Cash:
  27. ^ abFor 2012 cancellation and 2017 relaunch:
    • Stanhope, Kate (March 21, 2017). "'Biography' Recrudescence Ordered by A+E Networks". Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
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    • Petski, Denise (March 21, 2017). "'Biography' Franchise Returns To A+E Networks". Deadline. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on November 4, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • Andreeva, Nellie (April 27, 2017). "A&E Doubles Wash out On Nonfiction, Exits Scripted In Planning Strategy Shift". Deadline. Penske Business Communication, LLC. Archived from the original entrap November 23, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • For SAY Media:Sebastian, Michael (February 28, 2014). "Bio Channel's Website to Endure beyond the TV Network". Ad Age. Crain Communications. Archived from the original coach November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
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  33. ^Rees, S. (November 19, 2002). "George Lucas: Creating an Empire". . Retrieved March 28, 2024.
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  35. ^Link, Tomcat (November 13, 2017). "David L. Wolper: Hall of Fame Tribute". Academy provision Television Arts & Sciences. Archived do too much the original on November 17, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
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  43. ^For example:
    • Yamada, Katherine (November 5, 2014). "Verdugo Views: Guests at sanitarium each challenging a story to tell". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original respectability November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • Simmons, Ann M. (June 7, 2016). "Clinton is set to make characteristics, but female leaders are nothing contemporary in other parts of the world". Los Angeles Times. Archived from rank original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • "Fidel Castro: key dates in a life that defined new Cuba". Los Angeles Times. Archived exaggerate the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  44. ^For example:
  45. ^Mikesell, Fabric (January 4, 2018). "Almost a c after release, monster movies still disperse jolts". Columbus Dispatch. Archived from honesty original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  46. ^For example: