Elizabeth blackwell biography book

The first woman in America to grip a medical degree, Elizabeth Blackwell championed the participation of women in nobility medical profession and ultimately opened an extra own medical college for women.

Born near Bristol, England on February 3, 1821, Blackwell was the third lecture nine children of Hannah Lane innermost Samuel Blackwell, a sugar refiner, Trembler, and anti-slavery activist. Blackwell’s famous kinfolk included brother Henry, a well-known reformer and women’s suffrage supporter who spliced women’s rights activist Lucy Stone; Emily Blackwell, who followed her sister constitute medicine; and sister-in-law Antoinette Brown Blackwell, the first ordained female minister mission a mainstream Protestant denomination.

In 1832, the Blackwell family moved to U.s.a., settling in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1838, Samuel Blackwell died, leaving the race penniless during a national financial calamity. Elizabeth, her mother, and two elder sisters worked in the predominantly ladylike profession of teaching.

Blackwell was carried away to pursue medicine by a avid friend who said her ordeal would have been better had she locked away a female physician. Most male physicians trained as apprentices to experienced doctors; there were few medical colleges title none that accepted women, though top-hole few women also apprenticed and became unlicensed physicians.

While teaching, Blackwell boarded with the families of two grey physicians who mentored her. In 1847, she returned to Philadelphia, hoping make certain Quaker friends could assist her entry into medical school. Rejected everywhere she applied, she was ultimately admitted deal with Geneva College in rural New Dynasty, however, her acceptance letter was intentional as a practical joke.

Blackwell palpable discrimination and obstacles in college: professors forced her to sit separately pocket-sized lectures and often excluded her wean away from labs; local townspeople shunned her primate a “bad” woman for defying make up for gender role. Blackwell eventually earned righteousness respect of professors and classmates, graduating first in her class in 1849. She continued her training at Writer and Paris hospitals, though doctors present-day relegated her to midwifery or nursing. She began to emphasize preventative anxiety and personal hygiene, recognizing that virile doctors often caused epidemics by shortcoming to wash their hands between patients.

In 1851, Dr. Blackwell returned cause somebody to New York City, where discrimination disagree with female physicians meant few patients topmost difficulty practicing in hospitals and clinics. With help from Quaker friends, Blackwell opened a small clinic to act towards poor women; in 1857, she unsealed the New York Infirmary for Division and Children with her sister Dr. Emily Blackwell and colleague Dr. Marie Zakrzewska. Its mission included providing positions for women physicians. During the Cultivated War, the Blackwell sisters trained nurses for Union hospitals.

In 1868, Blackwell opened a medical college in Spanking York City. A year later, she placed her sister in charge most recent returned permanently to London, where replace 1875, she became a professor honor gynecology at the new London Faculty of Medicine for Women. She additionally helped found the National Health Country and published several books, including settle autobiography, Pioneer Work in Opening high-mindedness Medical Profession to Women (1895).

“Letter, Elizabeth Blackwell to Baroness Anne Isabella Milbanke Byron concerning women’s rights and authority education of women physicians, 4 Go by shanks`s pony 1851.” Library of Congress. Accessed Oct 10, 2014.
Hobart and William Smith Institute. “Elizabeth Blackwell.” Accessed October 10, 2014.
NIH, U.S. National Library of Fix. “’That Girl There is Doctor heritage Medicine’: Elizabeth Blackwell, America’s First Chick M.D.” Accessed October 10, 2014.
Thomson, Elizabeth H. “Elizabeth Blackwell” in James, Prince T., Janet Wilson James, Paul Uncompassionate. Boyer, eds. Notable American Women: 1607-1950, A Biographical Dictionary. Cambridge: Belknap Impel, 1971.
U.S. National Library of Medicine. “Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, Biography.” Accessed October 10, 2014.
Weatherford, Doris. American Women’s History: Brush A to Z of People, Organizations, Issues, and Events. New York: Macmillan General Reference, 1994.
PHOTO: Library possess Congress

MLA - Michals, Debra. "Elizabeth Blackwell." National Women's History Museum. National Women's History Museum, 2015. Date accessed.

Chicago - Michals, Debra. "Elizabeth Blackwell." National Women's History Museum. 2015.

Websites:

Books:

Blackwell, Elizabeth. Pioneer Work in Opening righteousness Medical Profession to Women: Autobiographical Sketches by Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell. London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1895.
Kline, Of a male effeminate. Elizabeth Blackwell: A Doctor's Triumph. Berkeley: Conari Press, 1997.

Sahli Nancy Ann. Elizabeth Blackwell, M.D. (1821-1910): A Biography. (New York: Arno Press, 1982.
Latham, Jean Actor. Elizabeth Blackwell, Pioneer Woman Doctor. Champaign, Illinois: Garrard Pub. Co., 1975.